something concrete that stands for something else, usually something abstract

the author's use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in a plot

an indirect reference to a famous person, place, event, or literary work

when the reader expects one thing to happen but the opposite actually occurs

when the readers know something that the characters do not know

when the characters say one thing but actually mean the opposite

using humor to criticize human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies in literature

appeal to credibility

appeal to emotions

appeal to logic and reason

sequence of events in a story

a struggle between a character and an outside force

a struggle between opposing needs, desires, or emotions within a single character

the main character in a literary work around whom all of the action centers

a character or force in conflict with the main character

a speaker or character who tells a story

how the story is intended to make the reader feel

the author's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.

a literary technique that sometimes serves as a companion piece to a story within a story

the perspective from which a story is told

a character in the story is actually telling the story himself/herself

the narrator tells the story using the pronouns "You", "Your," and "Yours" to address a reader or listener directly

someone on the outside is looking in and telling the story as he/she see it unfold.

the author's message which is a general and universal truth

the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses

background information presented in a literary work.

the event that starts the action in a story

a series of events that builds suspense in a story leading from the inciting incident to the climax

the high point, or turning point, of a story or play.

events after the climax that lessen suspense and lead to the resolution

end of the story where loose ends are tied up

The voice in the text that tells the story or, in nonfiction, the author/speaker

The time and place of the piece as well as the context that gave rise to the writing, the event that triggered the response

The group of readers/ listeners to whom a piece is directed

The reason behind the creation of the text

The general topic, content, and ideas contained in the text

Crafting sentences so that items are placed in comparable grammatical structures. Example: I like cooking better than I like washing dishes.

A thought-provoking question asked merely for effect with no answer expected.

A certain word or phrase is repeated at the beginning of clauses or sentences that follow each other. This repetition emphasizes the phrase while adding rhythm to the passage, making it more memorable

A pair of statements or images in which the one reverses the other. The pair is written with similar grammatical structures to show more contrast. For example, "That’s one small step for a man – one giant leap for mankind." (Neil Armstrong, 1969)

A statement that contradicts itself, or that must be both true and untrue at the same time. For example, "This statement is a lie."