Which side in Spain did Hitler send troops to help?

Spanish Civil War Y10

Civil War, Spanish American War, World War I

Honduras is a Central American nation bordered by Nicaragua, Guatemala, and El Salvador. The Caribbean Sea forms its northern coastline. The Pacific Ocean borders a small southern strip of land. Almanaque Nombre oficial: República de Honduras Área total: 112.090 km2 Población: 9.038.741 Ciudad capital: Tegucigalpa Moneda: lempira Lenguas: español, dialectos amerindios Early History Explorer Christopher Columbus came to Honduras in 1502 on his fourth trip to the New World. As was the case in North America, Honduras, in Central America, had been home to many native indigenous groups including the Sumu and Lenca. Some estimates suggest an indigenous population of up to 2,000,000 before the Europeans arrived. Among these indigenous groups were the Maya. Their civilization spread from the Yucatán area of Mexico to Honduras’ ancient city of Copán. Spain’s conquest of Honduras began in 1525, but it was not easy. It took until 1539 to fully conquer it. There were conflicts with the native population, who were forced into labor. Many died from disease and abuse. Others were enslaved and sent to the Caribbean islands. In addition, there were pirate attacks and in-fighting among the Spaniards. Phawat/Shutterstock Gold and silver deposits were discovered in Honduras in the 1530s, attracting more settlers. By the mid-16th century, mining was an important industry, mainly in the towns of Gracias and Comayagua. More native labor was needed, taking its toll on the dwindling indigenous population. As a solution, enslaved Africans were introduced in the 1540s. This was well before 1619, when enslaved Africans first arrived in Jamestown in the American colonies. The 17th century was filled with conflicts, primarily between the Spanish and the British. Britain wanted to establish colonies on the Caribbean coast of Honduras. They eventually seized the coast with help from the native Sambo and Miskito peoples. However, Spain later regained control. Independence In the early 1800s in Honduras, resentment toward Spain grew. One reason was that Honduras was subject to more taxes to help pay for conflicts that were happening between Spain and France. Other Spanish colonies were also increasingly resentful toward Spain. In 1776 in North America, the 13 colonies banded together to declare their independence from Britain. Similarly, Honduras joined other Central American provinces. Together, they declared independence from Spain on September 15, 1821. Honduras briefly became a part of Mexico, but in 1823, it became independent from Mexico. It then joined the United Provinces of Central America. This included other former Spanish colonies: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua. But the federation did not last, partially due to divisions in political beliefs. In 1838, Honduras declared its independence from the federation. By the early 1900s, the United States had economic interests in Honduras. American fruit corporations like the Standard Fruit Company and United Fruit Company began investing in Honduras to export bananas. To protect American investments, the United States became more involved in Honduras’ political affairs. When Nicaragua appeared to threaten the stability in Honduras, US President Taft sent forces to Honduras to protect American interests. The Great Depression caused economic havoc in the United States and elsewhere. In Honduras, this meant economic problems and political turmoil. During this time, General Tiburcio Carías Andino was elected president, in 1932. He worked to strengthen the military and pay off Honduran debt. Yet he also worked to gather and maintain his own power. He changed the constitution so that he could extend his term in office as president until 1949. His advanced age and pressure from the United States forced him to allow free elections in 1948. General Francisco Morazán In 1823, Honduras joined the United Provinces of Central America. In 1830, Tegucigalpa-born General José Francisco Morazán was elected president of the federation. He remained president until just before the federation disbanded in 1840. aalezk/Shutterstock Morazán favored liberal policies and the reduced power of the church. Morazán was a self-educated man. He recognized the importance of education and the need for schools in Honduras. He believed that girls and boys should have an equal opportunity for education. During his presidency, he tried to make improvements in education. He opened schools that were free to attend. In addition to improving education, he established a system of trial by jury. It was based on the Livingston Code, created in Louisiana. This was a set of reforms to the system of legal punishment. Today, Honduras celebrates the Day of the Honduran Soldier on October 3, Morazán’s birthday. This holiday honors Morazán for his fight for democracy, liberalism, and the nation. Modern Honduras The last half of the 20th century was a political rollercoaster. There were various coups (government takeovers), conflicts, and changing leaders. Starting in 1963, Honduras was primarily led by military governments. This continued for almost 20 years. In 1969, Honduras fought a four-day war with El Salvador. The conflict was over immigration and the shared border. Though the war was brief, the two nations didn’t sign a peace treaty until 1980. With the election of president Roberto Suazo Córdova in 1981, Honduras returned to a civilian government. In the 1980s Honduras was tangled in conflicts of Nicaragua and El Salvador, partly because of the United States. Nicaraguan Contras, who wanted to overthrow the Sandinista government in Nicaragua, were using US-approved bases in Honduras. The United States was also running training camps in Honduras for Salvadoran forces facing their own civil war. This sparked anti-American protests and a desire to reduce the US presence in Honduras. Over the next few decades, Honduras continued to experience political instability. In 2009, President Manuel Zelaya was removed from power by a military coup. People were upset because he called for a referendum to change the constitution. The international community condemned this coup. As a result, Honduras cut diplomatic ties with several countries. In 2010, the United States recognized President Porfirio Lobo Sosa as a democratically elected leader. He was followed by Juan Orlando Hernández in 2014. However, protests in 2015 called for his resignation over claims of campaign fraud. In 2017, Orlando Hernández was re-elected in a disputed election.

📄 Spanish Preterite Tense & Guatemalan Culture Quiz Grammar (1–15) Yo _____ (hablar) con mi abuela ayer. A. hablé B. hablaba C. habla D. habléste ¿Cuál es la forma correcta de comer en la 3ª persona plural en el pretérito? A. comían B. comieron C. comeron D. comaban Nosotros _____ (vivir) en México por dos años. A. vivimos B. vivíamos C. vivieron D. viviste Tú _____ (jugar) al fútbol el sábado, ¿verdad? A. jugabas B. juegas C. jugaste D. jugasteis ¿Cuál es la forma correcta de buscar en la primera persona singular del pretérito? A. buscé B. busqué C. busco D. buscaba Ellos _____ (almorzar) muy tarde. A. almorzaban B. almorzaron C. almorzaste D. almorzó Yo no _____ (pagar) mucho por este libro. A. pagé B. pagué C. pago D. pagaba ¿Qué forma es correcta para el verbo hacer con "ella" en el pretérito? A. hace B. hizo C. hacía D. hizo Mis amigos y yo _____ (dar) una fiesta el viernes. A. dimos B. daban C. dieron D. dábamos ¿Tú _____ (ver) la película anoche? A. veías B. viste C. vistes D. verás ¿Cuál es la forma correcta de ser en la primera persona del singular en el pretérito? A. soy B. fui C. era D. seré Nosotros _____ (ir) al museo el domingo pasado. A. íbamos B. fuimos C. vamos D. vamos a ir Ella _____ (escribir) una carta a su abuela. A. escribía B. escribió C. escribé D. escribó ¿Cuál es la forma correcta de leer con “ellos” en el pretérito? A. leyeron B. leían C. leyeran D. leíeron Tú no me _____ (dar) el número correcto. A. das B. diste C. dabas D. diste Culture (16–20) ¿Qué son los barriletes gigantes que se ven en Guatemala el 1 y 2 de noviembre? A. Instrumentos musicales tradicionales B. Comidas típicas del Día de Muertos C. Cometas artesanales usadas para honrar a los muertos D. Fuegos artificiales usados en bodas ¿Dónde se celebra principalmente el festival de barriletes gigantes? A. Antigua y Chichicastenango B. Santiago y Sumpango C. Ciudad de Guatemala y Tikal D. Quetzaltenango y Cobán ¿Cuándo ocurrió la Guerra Civil Guatemalteca? A. 1910–1925 B. 1944–1954 C. 1960–1996 D. 1980–2000 ¿Quién es Rigoberta Menchú? A. Una cantante famosa guatemalteca B. Una líder indígena y defensora de los derechos humanos C. Una política que fue presidenta D. Una artista de barriletes ¿Por qué recibió Rigoberta Menchú el Premio Nobel de la Paz? A. Por su música tradicional B. Por su arte textil C. Por su lucha por los derechos de los pueblos indígenas D. Por su carrera política en el congreso

Spanish Version Lesson 1 Social Studies The Medieval World Chapter 1 Medieval Europe The Great Fall Beginning in the 300s CE, there was great turmoil in the Western Roman Empire. After decades of invasions by Germanic tribes, the empire fell in 476 CE. At its height, the Roman Empire had reached across Europe and included northern Africa and parts of Asia. Life in the empire before it collapsed was either luxurious or simple, depending on where you were within the social order. If you were a member of the political class, you lived well. You would have enjoyed parties, lived in a large home, and had servants or enslaved persons tending to your every need. You would have attended civic gatherings in ornate government buildings. Most people, though, lived modest lives If you were at the bottom of the social structure, you would have lived in a simple home and worked hard every day. When you were not working, you might have enjoyed watching chariot races or gladiator fights. What all Romans had in common, however, was the patriarchy. This was a system in which the oldest man in a family made all the public decisions. The women were responsible for taking care of the home and the children, and they had few rights. This rigid social structure was the backbone of Roman society for centuries. Even though the fall of the empire meant that Roman government no longer existed, day-to-day life went on as before for many people. Those living far from Rome probably did not even hear about the invasions or the fall of Rome. As a result, the language and the structure of society remained largely the same—at least for some time. The ten centuries that followed the fall of the Western Roman Empire in Europe are called the Middle Ages, or the medieval period. Three important groups shaped life in medieval Europe. These were the Church, the aristocracy, and the commoners. The Church included bishops, monks, and priests, known as clergy. People were part of the aristocracy if their family were also members of this group. Aristocrats held most of the land throughout Europe and most of the Vocabulary patriarchy, n. a social structure marked by the dominance of the father in the family Vocabulary medieval, adj. relating to the Middle Ages in Europe aristocracy, n. the upper or noble class whose members’ status is usually inherited clergy, n. in a Christian church, p military and political power. The commoners included everyone who was not aristocratic or part of the Church. Commoners ranged from wealthy merchants to poor people who owned nothing. Craftspeople, merchants, traders, and bankers were all part of the middle class of commoners. The Church was the only major institution in Europe that survived the fall of the empire. Building on the influence of Emperor Constantine and the gathering of church leaders at Nicaea in 325 CE, Emperor Theodosius I had made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire in 380 CE. After that, the Church organized itself with a structure similar to the old Roman government, with each region having headquarters in a major city. The leader of the entire Church was the pope. The pope was, and still is, the leader of the Catholic religion throughout the world

Spanish

110.31.b.17.C

Topic: Reading/Vocabulary Development

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