policy of Qin Shi Huangdi attempting to keep nobles from threatening his hold on power

"strengthening the trunk and weakening the branches"

Standard 2: Indian and Chinese Religions and Culture

What Is Rhythm in Music? Rhythm is the pattern of sound, silence, and emphasis in a song. In music theory, rhythm refers to the recurrence of notes and rests (silences) in time. When a series of notes and rests repeats, it forms a rhythmic pattern. In addition to indicating when notes are played, musical rhythm also stipulates how long they are played and with what intensity. This creates different note durations and different types of accents.Why Is Rhythm Important in Music? Rhythm functions as the propulsive engine of a piece of music, and it gives a composition structure. Most musical ensembles contain a rhythm section responsible for providing the rhythmic backbone for the entire group. Drums, percussion, bass, guitar, piano, and synthesizer may all be considered rhythm instruments, depending on the context. However, all members of a music group bear responsibility for their own rhythmic performances and play the musical beats and rhythmic patterns indicated by the piece's composer.7 Elements of Rhythm in Music Several core elements comprise the fundamentals of musical rhythm. 1. Time signature: A musical time signature indicates the number of beats per measure. It also indicates how long these beats last. In a time signature with a 4 on the bottom (such as 2/4, 3/4, 4/4, 5/4, etc.), a beat corresponds with a quarter note. So in a 4/4 time (also known as "common time"), each beat is the length of a quarter note, and every four beats form a full measure. In 5/4 time, every five beats form a full measure. In a time signature with an 8 on the bottom (such as 3/8, 6/8, or 9/8), a beat corresponds with an eighth note. 2. Meter: Standard Western music theory divides time signatures into three types of musical meter: duple meter (where beats appear in groups of two), triple meter (where beats appear in groups of three), and quadruple meter (where beats appear in groups of four). Meter is not tied to note values; for instance, a triple meter could involve three half notes, three quarter notes, three eighth notes, three sixteenth notes, or three notes of any duration. Musicians and composers regularly mix duple and triple meter in their work; Igor Stravinsky's "The Rite of Spring" is a textbook example of such a technique. 3. Tempo: Tempo is the speed at which a piece of music is played. There are three primary ways that tempo is communicated to players: beats per minute, Italian terminology, and modern language. Beats per minute (or BPM) indicates the number of beats in one minute. Certain Italian words like largo, andante, allegro, and presto convey tempo change by describing the speed of the music. Finally, some composers indicate tempo with casual English words such as “fast,” “slow,” “lazy,” “relaxed,” and “moderate.” 4. Strong beats and weak beats: Rhythm combines strong beats and weak beats. Strong beats include the first beat of each measure (the downbeat), as well as other heavily accented beats. Both popular music and classical music combine strong beats and weak beats to create memorable rhythmic patterns. 5. Syncopation: Syncopated rhythms are those that do not align with the downbeats of individual measures. A syncopated beat will put its emphasis on traditional weak beats, such as the second eighth note in a measure of 4/4. Complex rhythms tend to include syncopation. While these rhythms may be more difficult for a beginning musician to pick up, they tend to sound more striking than non-syncopated rhythmic patterns. 6. Accents: Accents refer to special emphases on certain beats. To understand accents, think of a piece of poetry. A poetic meter, such as iambic pentameter, may dictate a specific mixture of stressed syllables and unstressed syllables. Musical accents are no different. Different rhythms may share a time signature and tempo, but they stand out from one another by accenting different notes and beats. 7. Polyrhythms: To achieve a particularly ambitious sense of rhythm, an ensemble may employ polyrhythm, which layers one type of rhythm on top of another. For instance, a salsa percussion ensemble may feature congas and bongos playing 4/4 time, while the timbales concurrently play a pattern in 3/8. This creates a dense rhythmic stew and, when properly executed, it can yield incredibly danceable rhythm patterns. Polyrhythms originated in African drumming, and they’ve spread to all sorts of genres worldwide, from Afro-Caribbean to Indian to progressive rock, jazz, and contemporary classical.

Key Word Definition Aid Assistance in the form of grants or loans at below market rates. For example, the UK provided aid to Nepal after the 2015 earthquake to help with reconstruction efforts. Barriers to Trade Government constraints on the flow of international goods and services, such as tariffs and quotas. For example, the European Union imposes tariffs on certain agricultural products to protect its farmers. BRICS An acronym for an association of five major emerging nations: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. For example, BRICS nations often meet to discuss economic cooperation and development strategies. Demographic Aging The rise in the median age of a population. For example, Japan is experiencing demographic aging, with a significant increase in the elderly population. Economic Core Region The most highly developed region(s) in a country. For example, London is considered an economic core region in the UK due to its high level of development and economic activity. GNP (Gross National Product) GDP plus overseas earnings, also known as GNI (Gross National Income). For example, the GNP of the United States includes the value of goods and services produced domestically and the income earned by its citizens abroad. HIC (Higher Income Country) A country with a high level of income and development. For example, Germany is classified as a higher income country due to its high GDP per capita and advanced infrastructure. NEE (Newly Emerging Economy) A country that is experiencing rapid economic growth and industrialisation. For example, China is an example of a newly emerging economy, having rapidly industrialised and grown economically over the past few decades. LIC (Lower Income Country) A country with a low level of income and development. For example, Malawi is considered a lower income country, with a low GDP per capita and limited access to healthcare and education. GDHI (Gross Disposable Household Income) The amount of money that households have available for spending and saving after taxes and social contributions. For example, in the UK, the GDHI varies significantly between regions, with London having one of the highest levels. Gini Coefficient A measure of income inequality within a population, ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 100 (perfect inequality). For example, South Africa has a high Gini coefficient, indicating significant income inequality within the country. Trade Unions Organisations that promote trade between member countries, such as the East African Community (EAC). For example, the East African Community (EAC) works to promote economic integration and trade among its member states. Fair Trade A movement aimed at helping producers in developing countries achieve better trading conditions and promote sustainability. For example, Fairtrade coffee ensures that farmers receive a fair price for their product and work under safe conditions. FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) Investment made by a company or individual in one country in business interests in another country. For example, Toyota's investment in manufacturing plants in the UK is an example of foreign direct investment. Debt Relief The partial or total remission of debts, especially those owed by developing countries to external creditors. For example, the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative provides debt relief to eligible countries to help them achieve sustainable development. International Aid Voluntary transfer of resources from one country to another, often in the form of financial assistance, goods, or services. For example, the UK provides international aid to various countries through its Department for International Development (DFID). Top-Down Development Large-scale development projects led by national governments or international organisations. For example, the construction of the Three Gorges Dam in China is an example of a top-down development project. Bottom-Up Development Small-scale development projects led by local communities or NGOs, focusing on the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable. For example, WaterAid's installation of hand pumps in rural villages in Africa is an example of a bottom-up development project. Urbanisation The increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas. For example, rapid urbanisation in India has led to the growth of megacities like Mumbai and Delhi. Geopolitics The study of the effects of geography (human and physical) on international politics and relations. For example, the geopolitics of the Arctic region involves disputes over territorial claims and access to natural resources. Quality of Life The general well-being of individuals and societies, outlining negative and positive features of life. For example, Scandinavian countries are often ranked high in quality of life due to their strong social welfare systems and high levels of happiness. Poverty Cycle A set of factors or events by which poverty, once started, is likely to continue unless there is outside intervention. For example, lack of education and healthcare can trap families in a poverty cycle, making it difficult for future generations to improve their living standards. Sustainable Development Economic development that is conducted without depletion of natural resources. For example, the use of renewable energy sources like wind and solar power is a key aspect of sustainable development. Humanitarian Aid Material or logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purposes, typically in response to crises including natural disasters and man-made disaster. For example, humanitarian aid was provided to Haiti after the devastating earthquake in 2010 to help with immediate relief efforts. Economic Growth An increase in the production of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. For example, China's economic growth over the past few decades has lifted millions of people out of poverty. Social Indicators Measures that describe the well-being of individuals or communities, such as health, education, and income. For example, life expectancy and literacy rates are common social indicators used to assess development. Environmental Sustainability Responsible interaction with the environment to avoid depletion or degradation of natural resources and allow for long-term environmental quality. For example, practices like recycling and conservation of natural habitats contribute to environmental sustainability. Infrastructure The basic physical and organisational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. For example, good infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, and schools, is essential for economic development. Globalisation The process by which businesses or other organisations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. For example, the globalisation of technology companies like Apple and Google has led to their products being available worldwide. Microfinance Financial services provided to low-income individuals or groups who are typically excluded from traditional banking. For example, microfinance institutions like Grameen Bank provide small loans to entrepreneurs in developing countries to help them start or expand their businesses.

Make a review quiz over Sanitation based on the Indiana state standards for Culinary Arts

Crea un quiz basandoti sul seguente testo: La Repubblica Popolare Cinese (中華人民共和國T, 中华人民共和国S, Zhōnghuá Rénmín GònghéguóP ascolta la pronuncia in mandarino standardⓘ), detta anche solo Cina (中國T, 中国S, ZhōngguóP; lett. "Paese di mezzo"),[7] è uno Stato dell'Asia orientale. La Repubblica Popolare Cinese è stata in passato indicata come Cina popolare, al fine di distinguerla dalla Repubblica di Cina, comunemente chiamata Taiwan (o Formosa), indicata invece come Cina nazionalista. Entrambe le entità reclamano il controllo sul territorio complessivo cinese. La Repubblica Popolare Cinese con 1 miliardo e 400 milioni di abitanti nel 2023 è lo stato più popoloso del mondo insieme all'India.[4] La Cina è una repubblica popolare in cui il potere è esercitato dal Partito Comunista Cinese (中国共产党 oppure 中共). Il governo ha sede nella capitale Pechino (北京首都) ed esercita la propria sovranità su ventidue province (省), cinque regioni autonome (自治区), quattro municipalità direttamente controllate (直辖市) (Pechino 北京, Tientsin 天津, Shanghai 上海 e Chongqing 重庆) e due regioni amministrative speciali 特别行政区 (Hong Kong 香港 e Macao 澳门) parzialmente autonome. La Cina rivendica la propria sovranità anche su Taiwan, che a propria volta rivendica la propria sovranità sulla Cina continentale. L'isola è rimasta dal 1949 sotto il controllo del governo della Repubblica di Cina (中華民國 o Taiwan), che precedentemente governava anche la Cina continentale, ed è rivendicata dalla Repubblica Popolare Cinese come provincia di Taiwan. La complessa condizione politica di Taiwan è una delle conseguenze della guerra civile cinese, che ha preceduto la fondazione della Repubblica Popolare Cinese. Con la sua superficie di circa 9 572 900 km², la Cina è il quarto stato più grande del mondo per superficie. Il paesaggio della Cina è vasto e diversificato: va dalle steppe della foresta e i deserti dei Gobi e del Taklamakan nell'arido nord alle foreste subtropicali e umide del sud. L'Himalaya, il Karakorum, il Pamir e il Tian Shan sono le catene montuose che separano la Cina meridionale dall'Asia centrale. Il Fiume Azzurro (长江) e il Fiume Giallo (黄河), rispettivamente il terzo e il sesto più lunghi del mondo, scorrono dall'altopiano del Tibet verso la costa orientale, densamente popolata. La costa della Cina lungo l'oceano Pacifico è lunga circa 14 500 chilometri ed è delimitata dal mare di Bohai, dal mar Giallo, dal mar Cinese Orientale e dal mar Cinese Meridionale. L'antica civiltà cinese, una delle più antiche al mondo, si sviluppò inizialmente nelle pianure comprese tra il Fiume Giallo e il Fiume Azzurro. A partire dall'età del bronzo, verso la fine del II millennio a.C., si ha evidenza di strutture feudali, in cui i nobili si raccoglievano intorno a monarchie ereditarie. Vi sono testimonianze di una casata regnante nella prima metà del I millennio a.C., nota come dinastia Zhou (周朝), il cui declino condusse alla nascita di un discreto numero di regni indipendenti in competizione per il predominio sulla regione (periodo delle Primavere e Autunni, 春秋), con stagioni di conflitto che si fecero particolarmente accese nel periodo che va dall'VIII al III secolo a.C. Nel 221 a.C. lo Stato di Qin sconfisse e conquistò i territori di tutti gli altri Stati combattenti, dando vita al primo impero della storia cinese sotto la guida del primo imperatore cinese Qín Shǐ Huángdì della dinastia Qin (秦朝). Da quel momento il titolo di imperatore della Cina divenne il sinonimo della raggiunta supremazia. La dinastia Qin non durò a lungo, infatti i popoli precedentemente conquistati vennero poco dopo riuniti sotto l'egida della dinastia Han (汉朝, III secolo a.C. - III secolo d.C.). I quattro secoli in cui regnarono i sovrani della dinastia Han sono considerati cruciali per la definizione e l'affermazione della identità culturale cinese, tanto da divenire il termine con cui i cinesi definirono se stessi (con il termine appunto di etnia o popolo han, 汉族). Da allora, la storia cinese ha visto l'alternarsi di periodi di divisione e fasi di unificazione, con conseguenti periodi di frammentazione, contrazione o espansione territoriale, sotto l'egida di diverse dinastie, talora di etnia straniera, come avvenuto nel caso dei mongoli o dei mancesi. L'ultima dinastia fu quella dei Qing, il cui regno si concluse nel 1911 con la fondazione della Repubblica di Cina (中华民国). Dopo la sconfitta dell'Impero giapponese (大日本皇国) durante la seconda guerra mondiale, il Paese fu scosso dalla guerra civile, che vedeva contrapposte le forze nazionaliste del Kuomintang (国民党), il partito che allora deteneva il governo del paese, e le forze facenti capo al Partito Comunista Cinese. Nel 1949 la guerra si concluse con la sconfitta del Kuomintang e la conseguente fuga del governo nazionalista sull'isola di Formosa, nella cui capitale Taipei (台北) ha tuttora sede l'attuale Repubblica di Cina, altresì nota come Taiwan. In seguito alla vittoria conseguita sul continente, il 1º ottobre del 1949 a Pechino le forze comuniste guidate da Mao Zedong proclamarono ufficialmente la nascita della Repubblica Popolare Cinese. Dopo l'introduzione di riforme economiche nel 1978, l'economia cinese è diventata quella dalla crescita più rapida al mondo. A partire dal 2013, è la seconda economia più grande al mondo sia come PIL totale nominale sia per parità di potere d'acquisto; per quanto riguarda solamente il PIL nominale, invece, la Cina ha sorpassato il Giappone, sino ad allora seconda potenza mondiale dal 1987, nel 2010. Nel 2022 il prodotto interno lordo cinese è sui ventimila miliardi di dollari.[8] Essa è anche il più grande esportatore e importatore di merci al mondo. La Cina è ufficialmente uno Stato munito di armi nucleari e ha il più grande esercito permanente del mondo, con il secondo più grande bilancio della difesa. È, inoltre, membro dell'ONU dal 1971, quando ha preso il posto della Repubblica di Cina tra i seggi dei membri permanenti del Consiglio di sicurezza delle Nazioni Unite, e quindi gode del potere di veto. La Cina è anche membro di numerose organizzazioni multilaterali,[9] tra cui l'OMC, l'APEC, il BRICS, l'Organizzazione di Shanghai per la cooperazione, il BCIM[10] e il G20. La Cina, unanimemente riconosciuta come grande potenza dal consesso internazionale, è una potenziale superpotenza secondo un certo numero di accademici e analisti che si occupano di questioni militari, politiche ed economiche. Dissidenti politici e gruppi per i diritti umani hanno denunciato la dittatura del governo cinese per diffuse violazioni dei diritti umani, tra cui repressione politica, repressione delle minoranze religiose ed etniche, censura, sorveglianza di massa e la violenza utilizzata nel reprimere il dissenso, come quella esibita durante le proteste di piazza Tienanmen del 1989.

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