based on trade and manufacturing (factories)

based on agriculture/plantation farming/depended on the use of slaves

proposed by Henry Clay; settled the issue of California statehood 1. California - free state 2. Slave trade banned in Washington, D.C. 3. Stronger Fugitive Slave Act passed 4. Popular sovereignty to decide slavery in Mexican Cession

proposed by Stephen A. Douglas; issue of slavery in Kansas and Nebraska territories would be decided by popular sovereignty; this law overturned the Missouri Compromise of 1820

fighting between pro-slavery and anti-slavery people in Kansas; John Brown was an extreme abolitionist who killed pro-slavery settlers in Kansas

formed by Northern Whigs and people who opposed slavery

Supreme Court case that ruled slaves were property and that slavery could not be banned in the territories because it would violate 5th Amendment property rights

Lincoln vs Stephen Douglas for Senator of Illinois; Lincoln lost but gained national prominence; Lincoln - slavery should not be banned in the states where it already exists but should not spread into new areas; Douglas - slavery should be decided by popular sovereignty in the territories

John Brown raided the federal arsenal here because he wanted to get guns from arsenal to arm slaves; Brown was caught & executed

Lincoln (Republican) won; resulted in the secession of South Carolina

promises not to abolish slavery or attack the South - "we are not enemies but friends"

Commander of the Confederate army

General of the Union Army; elected 18th President; supported by African Americans; administration was plagued by scandals

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861

knowledge of land, fighting to protect lifestyle, better trained soldiers,strong military leaders

Population, industry (more factories, more supplies), Railroad, navy (south has no navy)

the Union planned a blockade that would not allow supplies of any sort into the Confederacy; control the Mississippi and Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico

the idea that Great Britain would support the Confederacy because it needed the South's raw cotton to supply its booming textile industry; did not work

commanded Virginia soldiers under the Confederacy and led his side to victory in the First Battle of Bull Run, was shot in the left arm at Chancellorsville by one of his own men and then later died from this wound

President of Confederacy

first shots of the Civil War; Confederates opened fire before supplies arrived; Union surrendered

first major battle of the war; Union retreat - Confederate victory

most casualties in a single day of fighting

South's largest city; its fall to the Union gave the North control over southern part of Mississippi River

last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River; Grant takes after a six-weeks siege; victory gave Union total control of Mississippi River

massive 3 day battle: Union victory & turning point; Confederate army never returned to "fighting strength"

speech by Lincoln to dedicate battlefield as a cemetery; promised government "of the people, by the people and for the people would not perish from this earth"

issued by Lincoln to free the slaves in states of rebellion; slaves in the border states were not freed; issued by Lincoln as Commander in-Chief as a military action to weaken the South

"With malice toward none, with charity for all... let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds..."

-site of Lee's surrender to Grant; end of the Civil War

1st African American soldier to be awarded Medal of Honor

immigrant from Chile; awarded Medal of Honor

the best-known Civil War song of the Union Army written by Julia Ward Hoe

the process of readmitting the Southern states into the Union

assassinated Lincoln

Lincoln's VP- Democrat; became president #17; House impeached him -Senate found him not guilty by one vote

laws in Southern states that limited the freedoms of African Americans

opposed Johnson; wanted equal rights for African Americans

granted citizenship and the same rights enjoyed by white citizens to all male persons in the US; first law passed granting racial equality

-divided the South into five military districts to make sure they extended rights to African Americans

secret society that used violence against African Americans and tried to restore Democratic control to the South.

ENDED RECONSTRUCTION; Rutherford B. Hayes (R) became president in exchange for removing federal troops from the South

slavery is illegal (free)

granted citizenship for anyone born or naturalized in United States and guarantees equal protection for citizens (citizens)

voting rights could not be denied based on race (vote)

formed to support Jackson after he lost election of 1824 to JQ Adams due to "corrupt bargain"

7th President; first president from the west; first president belonging to the Democratic Party

spreading political power to the people, including the "common man"

Jackson's practice of giving government jobs to political supports; became common practice

The Cherokee sued the state of Georgia when they passed laws to move them out. Supreme Court (John Marshall) ruled that only the federal government - not states- can deal with Indian tribes; Jackson ignored ruling and allowed Georgia to move them anyway

federal law supported by Jackson; forced Native Americans to move west of Mississippi River

harsh journey taken by the Cherokees; forced to move to Indian Territory - Oklahoma

South Carolina voted to nullify the tariff and planned to succeed but Jackson threatened military force & Henry Clay proposed a compromise for a lower tariff; South Carolina backed down and the crisis was averted

South called the tax on foreign imports this because they relied on them (cotton for credit)

John C. Calhoun proposed that states have the right to reject or cancel a federal law

Senate debate over state's rights - Daniel Webster (N-anti) & Robert Hayne (S-pro)

Jackson hated it; "killed" it during his presidency; its "death' leads to economic panic in US

formed by Webster, Clay, & others who opposed POTUS having too much power-like Jackson

idea that the U.S. should extend from the Atlantic all the way to the Pacific

Texas statehood and disputes over the border between U.S. and Mexico (Rio Grande v. Nueces River)

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo- ended the Mexican-American War; US got Mexican Cession; Rio Grande River agreed upon as border; Mexico recognized Texas as part of the U.S.

gold was discovered in 1849; led to thousands of "forty-niners" moving to CA including many Chines immigrants; boom in population resulted in California statehood in1850

for religious freedom; to Utah

for fertile land

for trade with New Mexico

came to America in the mid-1800s looking for land, job opportunities, and freedom; Irish came due to potato famine Germans came for political & religious freedom

artists painted huge landscapes of American scenery

painted American wildlife - mostly birds

American philosophy that the spiritual/internal is more important than the physical/material

practiced civil disobedience by refusing to pay taxes that supported war with Mexico

renewal of religious faith in the early 1800's - helped to awaken the reform movement.

goal was to end slavery in US

former slave; famous speaker and author of a best-selling autobiography

former slave, leading abolitionist and defender of women's rights

published anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator

wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin; her book convinced many Northerners to become abolitionists

elected to House of Representatives after serving as POTUS; fought the "gag-rule" in Congress

former slave, abolitionist, conductor on the Underground Railroad; Union spy during Civil War

movement to stop the drinking of alcohol; led by women and factory owners

workers formed labor unions; banded together to demand better working conditions

leaders called for separate jails for children and rehabilitation programs for prisoners

Dorthea Dix convinced Massachusetts legislature to build hospitals to treat mentally ill

leader Horace Mann called public education "great equalizer"; pushed for public high schools

demand equal rights including suffrage (the right to vote)

first convention for women's rights; in NY

leader in women's rights movement along with Susan B. Anthony and Lucrecia Mott

3rd president; Democratic-Republican

a common way of life comprised of small, independent farms

Supreme Court that established judicial review - the Supreme Court has the final say in determining if a law is constitutional or not (John Marshall)

1803; President Thomas Jefferson purchased the piece of land from France; doubled the size of the US

men commissioned by President Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory; they brought back scientific and geographic information; helped by a native named Sacajawea

4th president; Democratic-Republican

I - Impressing (kidnappings) of American sailors by British navy; S - Supplying Native Americans in Ohio Valley with weapons; S - Seizing US ships; interfering with our trade with other nations

W-Westward expansion -  Native American resistance weakened ; I - Industry increased because the British had blockaded U.S. coastline; N - National pride; patriotism increased

poem written during the War of 1812 by Francis Scott Key; became our national anthem

•Machines began to do the work that had been done by hand •Primarily occurred in North- rivers, ports, ships, and a willing labor force  •Led to urbanization - the movement of more and more people to cities.

connected Hudson River to Lake Erie; cut transport costs; resulted in population surge in New York, and opened regions further west to increased settlement

Robert Fulton; increased speed of water transportation; travel upstream more quickly

increased speed of transportation over land; helped open the West; transcontinental railroad tracks built by Irish and Chinese immigrants

Samuel Morse; communication device; helped link and unify our nation

parts that are exactly like another part; invented by Eli Whitney; speed up production

Eli Whitney; cotton cleaning machine; increased the demand for slaves in South

economy based on competition, profit motive, private property, economic freedom and minimal government interference

5th president; Democratic-Republican; Era of Good Feelings

Federalist Party dies out and the nation is unified; patriotism after War of 1812

Henry Clay's idea to make US economically self-sufficient; called for roads & canals, protective tariffs and 2nd Bank of US

Proposed by Henry Clay to keep the balance of slave and free states in Congress; Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine as a free state; Provided that slavery would be banned in future states above the 36°30' parallel

told European nations that the Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization

"Steamboat" case federal government regulates interstate commerce (between states) - Chief Justice John Marshall

"Can't tax your Dad!" case - a state cannot tax its branch of the national bank -Chief Justice John Marshal

year Constitution was written in Philadelphia

from Virginia; drafted large portions of the Constitution; "Father of the Constitution"

president of the Constitutional Convention

two house legislature; representation based on state population - large state plan

one house legislature; equal representation for each state - small state plan

2 house Congress: House of Representatives (based on state population) and Senate (2)

3/5 of the slaves would be counted as part of state's population for representation and taxation

government power comes from the people; "We the people..."

citizens elect representatives to govern for them

government is split into three branches

Congress; make the laws

President and his cabinet; enforce the laws

Courts; interpret the laws

each branch has powers over the others to make sure no one branch is too powerful

power of government is shared between the national and the state governments

limits on the power of government in order to protect individual rights.

"unalienable" or natural born rights governments cannot take away

people who supported ratification of the Constitution; believed in a strong central government; James Madison, Alexander Hamilton & John Jay

essays written by Hamilton & Madison supporting ratification

opposed ratification of the Constitution; their main concern was the amount of power given to national government; demanded a Bill of Rights be added; George Mason & Patrick Henry

a formal change the Constitution

first 10 amendments to the Constitution. They protect the rights of individuals.

Five Freedoms: Religion, Assembly, Press, Petition, Speech (RAPPS up our rights)

right to keep and bear arms

no quartering of soldiers

no unreasonable searches & seizures

due process, grand jury, no double jeopardy, can't take my property, right to remain silent

speedy trial; fair and impartial jury

jury trial in civil cases

no cruel or unusual punishment

people have more rights than those listed

powers not delegated to federal government are reserved to the states and the people; FEDERALISM amendment

First President; served two terms; his actions became a precedent for future presidents

Congress set up the federal court system

experts! - Jefferson as Secretary of State; Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury

tariffs- taxes on imports; create a national bank; excise taxes on whiskey

farmers in Pennsylvania were angry about high taxes on whiskey so they rebelled; -Washington sent federal troops to put down the uprising; showed strength of federal government

issued by Washington; decision to stay neutral in war between France and Britain

1. Warned that political parties would weaken the government 2. Advised against entering into permanent alliances with foreign nations (stay neutral)

Second President; Federalist

To stop France from attacking US ships, Adams sent American diplomats to talk to the French minister; were told that they must pay $10 million to France; the US refused! "Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!"

to quiet opposition to the Federalist Party and to target immigrants (who voted for Democratic-Republicans), Congress passed these laws, including limiting freedom of the press

to put Judicial Branch in Federalist control, Congress created new courts and Adams appointed Federalists judges

Federalist - Chief Justice of Supreme Court for 30 years; always ruled in favor of FEDERAL power

Led by Alexander Hamilton; believed in a strong central government, loose interpretation of Constitution, economy based on manufacturing, supported creation of National Bank and pro-British

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

British law requiring colonists to quarter (house) British soldiers and provide them with supplies

placed a tax on sugar, molasses, and other goods shipped to the colonies

required all printed documents to carry an official stamp showing that a tax had been paid

suspended New York's assembly until they quartered soldiers; placed a tax on glass, paper, paint, lead, tea

unlimited search warrants given to Redcoats to look for smuggled goods

taxed colonial tea; this law resulted in the Boston Tea Party

an act of civil disobedience in which colonists dumped 342 chests of tea into the Boston harbor

breaking a law as a means of non-violent protest

also called Coercive Acts; laws passed by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. Boston's port was closed until the tea dumped in the harbor could be paid for; committees of correspondence were banned; quartering in colonists' homes was reinforced; British officers accused of crimes could go to Britain for their trials. These laws united the colonies to stand strong against Britain.

The colonists' chief complaint with Britain is that they were being taxed without representatives in Parliament.

group who protested British laws in the colonies

leader of Boston Sons of Liberty; organized committees of correspondence and protests

groups that wrote letters to keep colonists informed about British actions

British soldiers fired into a crowd of Bostonians killing several civilians; this was used by the colonists as propaganda against the British

first colonist killed in the Boston Massacre

patriot who defended the British soldiers in the Boston Massacre; member of Continental Congress

British monarch during American Revolution

member of Virginia House of Burgesses; "Give me Liberty or Give me Death" speech

group of delegates who met in Philadelphia in order to make decisions regarding tensions with Britain (included Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, John Hancock, Sam Adams)

April, 1775; first shots of the American Revolution; British planned to arrest leaders of the Sons of Liberty in Lexington, Massachusetts and to seize militia supplies in nearby Concord

wrote pamphlet Common Sense to convince colonists that a total break with England was necessary; wrote a series of articles called the American Crisis in the winter of 1776-77 to inspire Continental Soldiers to keep fighting

written by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia

date Declaration of Independence was approved by the Continental Congress

rights that cannot be taken away; "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness"

complaint

American colonists who wanted independence

American colonists who were loyal to the King

Washington's military camp during winter of 1777-78; harsh conditions - lack of food, supplies, housing; showed commitment of Continental Army to Washington and the cause of liberty

turning point of the war; important American victory because it influenced France to support America in its war against Britain.

last major battle of war; British were trapped at Chesapeake Bay between the French navy in the bay and American troops on land; British surrendered

ended the American Revolution; the 13 colonies became an independent nation; the boundaries of the United States were Mississippi River on W, Canada to N, and Spanish Florida to the S

Commanded Continental Army

went to France to secure their help during the war; part of the Continental Congress

French nobleman who came to America to fight in the Revolution and supply troops

early advocate for women's rights; urged her husband John to "remember the ladies" in the new government

patriotic writer whose poems and plays inspired many to become patriots

African American who was elected to "Committee of Safety" in New Hampshire and revolutionary soldier

African American spy for George Washington; "double agent"- pretended to be a runaway slave joining British

navel hero; declared "I have not yet begun to fight!" when ordered to surrender his ship; goes on to win the battle

First constitution (blueprint of government) of United States of America

Only one branch of government - Congress •Weak national government - important powers were left to the state governments •National government could not collect taxes, enforce its laws, settle disputes between states or regulate foreign trade

successful law passed by Confederation Congress; outlined steps for territories to become states; provided for orderly westward growth

event that demonstrated the weakness of the Articles of Confederation; farmers in Massachusetts rebelled against high taxes; the national government did not have the power/authority to step in and stop the rebellion

spread religion (God), increase country's wealth (Gold), increase country's power (Glory)

transfer of plants, animals and diseases between Eastern & Western Hemispheres after Columbus "discovered" America

belief that colonies exist to benefit their "mother country"; the mother country uses the resources of the colony in order to increase its country's treasury

1607; first permanent English settlement in North America, founded by Virginia Company on the James River in Virginia, settled for economic gain; survival due in part to John Smith (no work=no food) and became successful from growing tobacco (John Rolfe); first use of slaves in North America

first representative assembly in America; at Jamestown, Virginia

group of English who came to Plymouth, Massachusetts because they wanted to separate from the Church of England (separatists); 1620

1620; document written by Pilgrims on their ship; first true example of self-government in the Americas; established majority rule for the colony

group of English who wanted to purify (change) the Church of England; settled the Massachusetts Bay colony; thousands of Puritans came to America during the Great Migration; their religious devotion influenced the culture of New England; did not offer religious freedom - kicked out Roger Williams & Anne Hutchinson

first written Constitution in America - Thomas Hooker - voting rights extended to non-church members

trade with three stops (ex: England, Africa, Massachusetts)

middle leg of triangular trade route; brought slaves from Africa to American

Connecticut, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Massachusetts; Cold, short growing season, rocky soil; Subsistence farming, shipbuilding, fishing, shipping

New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey; Longer growing season, fertile soil; Grain farming, called "Breadbasket" colonies

Quaker (peace, equality, anti-slavery), founded Pennsylvania

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia; Warm, long growing season; Cash crops: tobacco, rice, indigo; Plantation system and slavery

(1215) - first document to limit the power of the English king

further extended rights to English citizens, established authority of Parliament as England's chief law-making body

religious revival; churches split and grew

movement that stressed science and reason; Ben Franklin was Enlightenment thinker

English Enlightenment thinker who said that all men have natural-born rights: life, liberty, and property

French political thinker proposed that government powers should be separated into 3 branches - executive, legislative and judicial

established freedom of the press in the colonies

prior to the French and Indian War, Britain had passed laws that applied to the colonies but they did not enforce them; because of this, colonists got used to governing themselves

British VS French & Indians; conflicts over land the fur trade in the Ohio River Valley (French Territory).

The British won the war, which ended French power in North America. British government's war debt would result in new laws and taxes for the colonies that WOULD be enforced - no more salutary neglect!

Ben Franklin's proposal during the French and Indian War for the 13 colonies to unite and form a council during the war: "Join or Die!"

ended the French and Indian War; Britain received all land east of the Mississippi River

British law that said the colonists could not move west of the Appalachian Mountains because the British did not want to have to pay for the costs of defending the colonists from Indian attacks; greatly angered the colonists because they had fought the French and Indian War to get this land

- wife of John Adams - "Remember the ladies."

- defense lawyer for Redcoats inBoston Massacre - member of Continental Congress / supporter of independence - 2nd president / Federalists - avoids war with France (XYZ Affair) -signs Alien and Sedition Acts

- 6th president -accomplishes little as POTUS due to Jackson's Democrats in Congress - elected to House of Reps. after being POTUS; abolitionist who fought the "Gag Rule"

-patriot leader of Boston Sons of Liberty and organizer of committees of correspondence

key spokesperson for 19th century women's suffrage movement

American wildlife artist (especially birds)

- born in Chile, South America - received Medal of Honor for service in Civil War; served in Navy

- 1st African American to receive Congressional Medal of Honor - 54th Massachusetts Regiment (Union) during the Civil War

- senator from Kentucky - promoted the "American System" - founder of the Whig Party - "Great Compromiser"; Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850

African American who was 1st to die in the Boston Massacre

- African American Patriot who made all night ride back from Boston to warn his community of British invasion (Wentworth went warning)

President of Confederacy during the Civil War

-former slave (runaway) -leading African American abolitionist - accomplished speaker and writer - published autobiography and newspaper called the North Star

- inventor, writer, printer, diplomat, scientist, humorist, and statesman - negotiated alliance with France during Revolution and the Treaty of Paris 1783

- British monarch during American Revolution and War of 1812

- Commander of Union Army during the Civil War - 18th president

- Washington's Sec. of Treasury -founder of Federalist Party - loose interpretation of Constitution - used "necessary and proper" clause to justify National Bank

- "Give me liberty, or give me death!" - Anti-Federalist: feared Constitution b/c did not contain Bill of Rights

- Puritan founder of Connecticut - Fundamental Orders of Connecticut; voting rights to non church members and limited government

- first "common man" POTUS; dealt with Native American Removal, Nullification Crisis and killed the National Bank

- Confederate general in Civil War - gifted tactical commander who earned name "Stonewall" at Battle of Bull Run

- chief writer of Declaration of Independence -Washington's Sec. of State -Founder of Democratic Republican Party -strict constructionist - 3rd president - bought Louisiana Purchase from France

- naval hero during the American Revolution -"I have not yet begun to fight!"

young French nobleman who assisted America during Revolution; served in Army under Washington and helped secure French support

-French political philosopher who supported idea of separation of powers

Commander of Confederate Army during Civil War

- president of U.S. during Civil War

- Enlightenment philosopher - gov't is a social contract w/ limited powers and has obligation to its creators -said all men have natural rights of life, liberty, and property

- "Father of the Constitution" - wrote Federalist Papers with John Jay and Alexander Hamilton - 4th president - War of 1812

- leader of Anti-Federalists - believed in need to restrict gov't power - demanded a Bill of Rights

- 5th president - issued Monroe Doctrine that declared Americans (Western Hemisphere) were closed to future European colonization

- wrote pamphlets - "Common Sense" persuading Americans to join the Patriot cause and the "American Crisis" to motivate American soldiers to keep fighting

founded Pennsylvania where Quakers could live according to their religious beliefs and make political decisions according to those beliefs

- 1st African American senator

- organized the 1st convention for women's rights: Seneca Falls Convention - wrote "Declaration of Sentiments"

- didn't pay his taxes b/c 1) slavery and 2) war with Mexico - wrote essay "Civil Disobedience" --> challenge laws considered unjust by refusing to obey them - influenced Martin Luther King, Jr.

- wrote poems and plays supporting the Patriot cause

- commander in chief of Continental Army during American Revolution - 1st president: urged country to say neutral and avoid political parties in his Farewell Address

Founding of Jamestown, VA - the first permanent English settlement

Pilgrims arrive in Massachusetts; write the Mayflower Compact

Treaty of Paris ends the American Revolution

Declaration of Independence

US Constitution is written

Louisiana Purchase from France

U.S. Civil War

Reconstruction Era

California Gold Rush

written in 1215, first document to limited the power of the king in England; granted some rights to noblemen

granted more rights to English Citizens; became the model for the US Bill of Rights

written by Pilgrims; stated they would establish a representative government "for the sake of order"

created the first government of the USA; only one branch (Congress) which could declare war, print money and sign treaties; COULD NOT enforce laws; tax the states, settle disputes between states, regulate foreign trade, raise an army; weak federal government/ strong state governments

framework for US Government still used today

first 10 amendments to the Constitution; protect individual rights of citizens

written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776; states unalienable rights of "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness"; lists grievances against King George III; formally declares the

warned against forming political parties, saying it would divide the nation and discouraged forming permanent alliances with foreign nations saying they would drag US into war

established an orderly way for new territories to become states

warned European nations that the Americas (Western Hemisphere) were closed to future colonization

written by VP John C. Calhoun regarding tariffs; stated states could nullify (reject) federal law; led to the Nullification Crisis during Jackson's administration - South Carolina voted nullify the tariff and secede from the Union; Clay's compromise and Jackson's threat of military force caused South Carolina to back down

passed during Andrew Jackson's presidency; removed Native Americas living east of the Mississippi River to Indian Territory; cause of Cherokee Trail of Tears

1820 law proposed by Henry Clay; Missouri = slave state and Maine = free state to keep a balance in Congress; banned slavery above 36'30 parallel

included California entering Union as a free state to please the North and passage of stronger Fugitive Slave Laws to pacify the South

allowed settlers in Kansas and Nebraska decide the issue of slavery based on popular sovereignty; led to "Bleeding Kansas"

Lincoln speech given to dedicate battlefield as a cemetery for Union soldiers; alluded to 1776 (four score and seven years ago) and promised the US would have a "new birth of freedom" as a result of the Civil War

issued by Lincoln during the Civil War acting as Commander in Chief as a military action; freed the slaves in the states of rebellion

Lincoln speech in which he stated he did not intend to abolish slavery or invade the South but that he believed secession was illegal and that he would protect federal property; "we are not enemies, but friends"

Lincoln speech meant to help heal and restore the country; "with malice towards none, with charity for all..let us bind up the nation's wounds"

first written Constitution in the American colonies; granted voting rights to non-church members; Thomas Hooker

issued by King George III following the French and Indian war; forbid colonists from setting west of the Appalachian Mountains; colonists resented this restriction on western settlement

passed by Parliament that required colonists to pay a tax for all paper products; led to many colonial protests since it was taxation without representation

laws passed by Parliament following the Boston Tea Party to punish the colonists; British called them the Coercive Acts

ended American Revolution; declared US an independent nation and set boundaries - British Canada to the North, Mississippi River to the West and Spanish Florida to the South

ended the Mexican-American War; US gained the Mexican Cession

Union Civil War song; lyrics written by Julia Ward Howe

book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe documenting the horrors of slavery; caused many Northerners to become abolitionists

a series of essays written by Hamilton, Jay, & Madison to support ratification of the U.S. Constitution

passed in 1862; gave a generous grant of public land to states for education

established the principle of judicial review allowing the Supreme Court to review and declare laws unconstitutional

established federal authority over state governments (You Can't Tax Your Dad) and upheld constitutionality of National Bank

Stated that the state of Georgia had no legal authority to pass laws regulating activities within the boundaries of the Cherokee Nation (POTUS Jackson ignored this ruling)

Supreme Court ruled that slaves were not citizens but property protected by the 5th Amendment

long time Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams; helped uphold federal authority