Surveying

consists of counting the number of steps or paces in a required distance.

used to determine subtended intervals and angles on a graduatedrod or scale from which distances are computed by trigonometry

This tape is made by weaving fiber glass in a longitudinal andtransverse pattern. They are strong and flexible and will not shrink or stretch

This method provides a rapid means of determining horizontal distances. Itwas introduced in 1771 by James Watt of Scotland and was at that time referred to as amicrometer for measuring distances

a known or required or specified distance given the starting pointmarking.

Unknown distances may he determined through their relationship with known distance geometrically. These methods are widely employed in plane table surveys, and triangulation work

The use of a graduated tape is probably the most common method of measuring or layingout horizontal distances

This device, which is usually hand-held or mounted on a small tripod, can be used to determine distances approximately simply by focusing.

 is a simple device that can attached to a wheel for purposes ofroughly measuring surface distances. The wheel is rolled over the distance to be measured and the number of revolutions of the wheel is directly registered by the device.

 very similar in operation to an odometer exceptthat it is a more portable and self-contained measuring device.

also known as surveyor’s tape, is made of a ribbon of steel 0.5 to 1.0 cm inwidth, and weighs 0.8 to 1.5 kg per 30 meters.

The types of photographs used are those taken from aircraft with the axis of camera pointed vertically towards the terrain photographed.

an unknown distance between fixed points, such as betweentwo stakes in the ground.

a known or required or specified distance given the starting pointmarking.

It is based on the optical geometry of the instruments employed and is an indirect method of measurement