consists of counting the number of steps or paces in a required distance.

used to determine subtended intervals and angles on a graduatedrod or scale from which distances are computed by trigonometry

This tape is made by weaving fiber glass in a longitudinal andtransverse pattern. They are strong and flexible and will not shrink or stretch

This method provides a rapid means of determining horizontal distances. Itwas introduced in 1771 by James Watt of Scotland and was at that time referred to as amicrometer for measuring distances

a known or required or specified distance given the starting pointmarking.

Unknown distances may he determined through their relationship with known distance geometrically. These methods are widely employed in plane table surveys, and triangulation work

The use of a graduated tape is probably the most common method of measuring or layingout horizontal distances

This device, which is usually hand-held or mounted on a small tripod, can be used to determine distances approximately simply by focusing.

 is a simple device that can attached to a wheel for purposes ofroughly measuring surface distances. The wheel is rolled over the distance to be measured and the number of revolutions of the wheel is directly registered by the device.

 very similar in operation to an odometer exceptthat it is a more portable and self-contained measuring device.

also known as surveyor’s tape, is made of a ribbon of steel 0.5 to 1.0 cm inwidth, and weighs 0.8 to 1.5 kg per 30 meters.

The types of photographs used are those taken from aircraft with the axis of camera pointed vertically towards the terrain photographed.

an unknown distance between fixed points, such as betweentwo stakes in the ground.

a known or required or specified distance given the starting pointmarking.

It is based on the optical geometry of the instruments employed and is an indirect method of measurement

Fundamental sources of error in taping: 

Tape persons setting pins, reading the tape, or manipulating the equipment.

Fundamental sources of error in taping: 

A tape may differ in actual length from its nominal graduated length because of a defect in manufacture or repair or as a result of kinks

Fundamental sources of error in taping: 

The horizontal distance between end graduations of a tape varies because of the effects of temperature, wind, and weight of the tape itself

“ When laying out with tape too long, subtract; tape too short, add. 

“ When measuring with tape too long, add; tape too short, subtract. Do the reverse when laying out.”

“ When measuring with tape too long, subtract; tape too short, add. 

The difference in elevation between two points is the vertical distance betweenthe two level surfaces in which the points lie.

It is a curved surface which is at any point perpendicular to the direction of gravity or theplumb line. It is best represented by the surface of a large body of still water

Is a curved line in a level surface all points of which are normal to the direction of gravity and equidistant from the center of the earth

It is a plane that is tangent a level surface at a particular point. The horizontal surface is also perpendicular to the plumb line at the same point

 A straight line in a horizontal plane which is tangent to a level line at one point.

A vertical line at any po sine parallel to the direction of gravity

is the process of determining the difference in elevation between two or more pointssome distance apart.

is an imaginary surface of the sea which is midway between high and low tides. This surface, which considered to be at zero elevation, conforms to the spheroidal shape of the earth and is perpendicularto direction of gravity at every point.

is any convenient level surface coincident or Parallel with mean sea level to which elevations of aparticular area are referred.

For a particular point, its elevation is the vertical distance above or below mean se level or anyother selected datum.

are frequently referred to as plus sights (+S) since they are added to the elevation ofpoints being sighted to determine the height of instrument.

Is a fixed point of reference whose elevation is either known or assumed. They may be permanent or temporary.

are those which are established at intervals throughoutthe country by the Philippine Coast and Geodetic Surveys (PCGS) or the Bureau of Lands.

- The ________ be done before the survey team leaves the site.

- The difference between the sum of foresight(FS) and sum of backsights (BS) is equal to the difference in elevation between the first station (BM a) and last station(BM b)

is a reading taken on a rod held on a point of known or assumed elevation. It is a measure of the vertical distance from the established line measure of sight to the point sighted and is always the first-rod reading taken after the instrument has been set up and levelled.

A reading taken on a rod held on a point whose elevation is to be determined.

referred to as minus sight (-S) since the reading for a________ is subtracted from the height of the instrument to determine the elevation of the point on which the rod is held.

is an intervening point between two bench marks upon which point foresight and backsight rod readings are taken to enable a levelling operation to continuefrom a new instrument position. It is also sometimes referred to as a change point (CP)

the elevation of the line of sight of an instrument above or below a selected reference datum.

the elevation of the line of sight of an instrument above or below a selected reference datum.

is the vertical distance between thetwo level surfaces in which the points lie.

The _________ of a line is the acute horizontal angle between the reference meridian and the line.

are the basic observations needed for determining bearings and azimuths.

are used in trigonometric leveling, stadia and for reducing slopedistances to horizontal.

The _________ of a line is the acute horizontal angle between the reference meridian and the line.