Surveying

branch of applied mathematics that teaches the art of determining the area of any portion of the earth’s surface, the length and directions of the boundary lines, the contour of the surface, and of accurately delineating the whole on paper.

Surveying is an art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects, of measuring angles between lines, of determining the direction of lines, and of establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurements according to:

The layouts of proposed property lines and corners as required in the land division

The layouts of the proposed construction features

used to collect measurements that locate the position of natural features, such as trees, rivers, hills, valleys, and the like, and the position of built features, such as roads, structures, pipelines, and so forth.

establish reference points and reference lines for preliminary and construction surveys.

called benchmarks, are established using leveling surveys or satellite-positioning surveys.

use any of a variety of measuring and positioning techniques capable of providing appropriately precise results; such surveys can be tied into state or provincial coordinate grids, property lines, roadway centerlines, and arbitrarily placed baselines or grids.

a type of surveying in which the earth is considered to be a flat surface, and where distances and areas involved are of a limited extent that the exact shape of the earth is disregarded.

surveys or wide extent which take into account the spheroidal shape of the earth.

are usually national, are mostly undertaken by government agencies to serves as a basis for the production of accurate base and topographic maps.

refers to surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs, harbors, oceans, and other bodies of water. Also important in connection with navigation, development of water supply and resources, flood control, irrigation, production of hydroelectric power, subaqueous constructions, and recreation.

use for determining and defining property lines and boundaries, corners, and areas. These surveys are also made to fix the boundaries of municipalities, towns, and provincial jurisdictions.

a type of survey which makes use of photographs taken with specially designed cameras either from airplanes (aerial) or ground stations (terrestrial).

surveys are made for determining the shape of the ground, and the location of natural and artificial features upon it.