According to paragraph 5 what is a young orca doing when he spyhops?

He is checking out his surroundings

What is the main way the phrase “tight with salmon” in paragraph 10 helps the reader understand the passage?

It illustrates that the whales have eaten plenty of salmon.

It shows the whales are swimming together.

It describes how the whales catch their food.

It emphasizes how hungry the whales are.

What is a central idea of paragraph 5?

The young male whale enjoys playing with his cousins.

Orcas have unique ways of communicating with each other while hunting.

Orcas spend a lot of time hunting and eating salmon.

The young male whale follows his grandmother to the shore.

How do the details in paragraphs 7 through 9 help develop a central idea of the passage?

By describing how the orcas work together while hunting, it shows the importance of communication in their survival.

By showing the young male’s playful interactions, it highlights how orcas rely on family connections for social bonding and survival.

By detailing the pod’s beach rubbing behavior, it highlights that orcas spend most of their time resting together.

By explaining how the whales hunt silently, it shows how orcas are able to hunt different types of prey.

Which detail from the passage best explains how orcas in the young male’s pod are able to hunt successfully?

The whales spread out and send out a series of fast clicks as they swim down the bay together.” (paragraph 7)

“When he was born, his mother probably helped him to the surface to take his first breath.” (paragraph 3)

“The young male spy hops. He punches his head and upper body above the water and looks around.” (paragraph 5)

“Orcas cannot sleep under the water. They must come to the surface every few minutes to breathe.” (paragraph 10) D.

How does the structure of the passage help the reader understand the behavior of orcas?

By explaining the sequence of events in the pod’s day, it shows how orcas work together to balance play, hunting, and resting.

By comparing different orca pods, it shows how orca families behave in various environments.

By providing a description of the pod’s hunting techniques, it shows why orcas are skilled hunters.

By listing the challenges orcas face, it shows how they overcome obstacles in their environment.

Which detail would be most important to include in a summary of the article?

Orcas communicate using different clicks and calls that vary by pod.

The grandmother orca leads the pod to search for salmon.

The young male orca enjoys beach rubbing on smooth rocks with his family.

How do the details in paragraphs 1-3 support a central idea of the article?

They highlight the strong family bonds and social structure within an orca pod.

They show that orcas have to come to the surface to breathe or they will drown.

They emphasize the importance of hunting for survival within the orca pod.

They explain how young orcas learn different calls and sounds from their family.

How does paragraph 9 support a central idea of the article?

It illustrates how different pods of orcas have unique ways of communicating with each other while hunting.

It shows that orcas can have trouble hunting if another pod is close by.

It emphasizes the importance of salmon on an orcas diet.

A. It shows that orcas must be silent while hunting for prey like seals and sea lions.

Swimming with the Pod

How to Stop Avalanchesnow with explosives, or by erecting snow fences. Explosives Explosives are primarily used to prevent avalanches, especially at ski resorts where other methods are often impractical. Maintenance staff from the ski resort travel to potential avalanche areas and areas with steep slopes. First, they measure the depth of the snow and its quality. They want to check for hard, loose, wet or icy snow layers. If an area is considered dangerous, small explosives are fired into the side of the steep terrain. The explosion loosens the top layer of snow, which tumbles harmlessly down the mountainside. But using explosives is costly and dangerous. Some researchers are currently experimenting with the cheaper and safer method of using ultrasonic sound waves that shock the snow into falling, averting an avalanche and saving lives. Snow Fences It is very common to put up snow nets or snow fences. These nylon nets or wooden and steel fences are placed at the top of slopes. They prevent the buildup of snow on the downwind side, thereby lessening the chance of a slab avalanche. Beacons and Radio Devices Fortunately, there are companies that specialize in making rescue beacons. These are small electronic devices that send out a radio signal to search and rescue crews. Most people who venture into the backcountry carry some sort of beacon or GPS device. They can help locate a buried victim up to 80 meters away. However, these beacons and GPS devices only send out a signal if the victim turns it on. Often, the victim is too injured to think clearly and press the 'on button.' If search and rescue crews do not quickly reach the victims, the skiers will not be discovered in time. Surviving an Avalanche If you are ever caught in an avalanche, the chances are slim that you will survive. If you are not killed instantly, you only have a short time (15~35 minutes) before your oxygen runs out. Take off your ski, boots and poles. Use a swimming motion to claw your way to the surface. Often people do not know which way is up or down. The effect of this is disorientation. It is not uncommon for avalanche victims to dig in the wrong direction. With proper precautions, both skiers and ski resorts can avoid the tragedy of an avalanche.

Why I'm Late Today I rushed into the school office. "Sorry I'm late. I was having breakfast with the Norbotians," I said. "Who are the Norbotians?" Mrs. Gage asked. "The aliens-well, creatures-on Norbot," I explained. "They're really very nice," I added. Mrs. Gage shook her head. "You had breakfast with aliens?" she asked. "They invited us. They felt bad after I did a belly flop into their swimming pool," I said. "Why did they feel bad?" she asked. "Because it was filled with green slime,." I said. "They love to swim in green slime, but of course, they're Norbotians," I said. "I see. Well, why did you jump in if it was filled with green slime?" Mrs. Gage asked. "Oh, I didn't jump. I flew into it when Teresa pushed the red button-it said 'eject," I explained. Mrs. Gage snorted. "I suppose this eject button was inside your spaceship?" she asked. "That's right. The eject button is only for emergencies," I said. "Teresa freaked out, though, when the Norbotians came to say hello," I explained. "I thought you said they were nice," said Mrs. Gage. "They're very nice. It's not their fault they look... like they do," I replied. "And they came to say hello because ...?" she asked. "A spaceship doesn't land in their backyard every day," I said. "What were you doing in a spaceship?" Mrs. Gage asked. "How else would we get to Norbot?" I replied. "But where did you get this spaceship?" Mrs. Gage asked. "Teresa built it in her backyard," I said. "Where is the spaceship now?" Mrs. Gage asked. "It's out on the grass. I had to either land there or on the school roof." I said. "So where is Teresa?" Mrs. Gage asked. "She's going to school on Norbot today." I said. "We're doing a student exchange," I explained. Mrs. Gage looked at me and laughed. "That's the strangest excuse I've ever heard," she said. Then Mrs. Gage jumped up and spilled her coffee. "Your backpack is alive!" she screamed. "Oh, that's not my backpack," I said. I smiled and waved at Mrs. Gage. So did Norby. Mrs. Gage waved back. "Welcome to Earth!" she said.

How to Stop Avalanches ToB A major concern of ski resorts is avalanche control. Most avalanches occur outside the boundaries of the regular groomed ski runs. But each year, skiers and trekkers on snowshoes go into these remote areas where most avalanches occur. There are two primary ways to prevent avalanches-by blasting the snow with explosives, or by erecting snow fences. Explosives Explosives are primarily used to prevent avalanches, especially at ski resorts where other methods are often impractical. Maintenance staff from the ski resort travel to potential avalanche areas and areas with steep slopes. First, they measure the depth of the snow and its quality. They want to check for hard, loose, wet or icy snow layers. If an area is considered dangerous, small explosives are fired into the side of the steep terrain. The explosion loosens the top layer of snow, which tumbles harmlessly down the mountainside. But using explosives is costly and dangerous. Some researchers are currently experimenting with the cheaper and safer method of using ultrasonic sound waves that shock the snow into falling, averting an avalanche and saving lives. Snow Fences It is very common to put up snow nets or snow fences. These nylon nets or wooden and steel fences are placed at the top of slopes. They prevent the buildup of snow on the downwind side, thereby lessening the chance of a slab avalanche. Beacons and Radio Devices Fortunately, there are companies that specialize in making rescue beacons. These are small electronic devices that send out a radio signal to search and rescue crews. Most people who venture into the backcountry carry some sort of beacon or GPS device. They can help locate a buried victim up to 80 meters away. However, these beacons and GPS devices only send out a signal if the victim turns it on. Often, the victim is too injured to think clearly and press the 'on button.' If search and rescue crews do not quickly reach the victims, the skiers will not be discovered in time. Surviving an Avalanche If you are ever caught in an avalanche, the chances are slim that you will survive. If you are not killed instantly, you only have a short time (15~35 minutes) before your oxygen runs out. Take off your ski, boots and poles. Use a swimming motion to claw your way to the surface. Often people do not know which way is up or down. The effect of this is disorientation. It is not uncommon for avalanche victims to dig in the wrong direction. With proper precautions, both skiers and ski resorts can avoid the tragedy of an avalanche.

A trip to Rio Julia and her family traveled from New York to visit Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. Julia's cousin Gabriela lived there. They all went to the opening night of the Olympics. The stadium was very crowded. It made Julia nervous. Everyone screamed and cheered. Their seats were far away. Julia could barely see. The music was loud. It made her head hurt. Julia had been happy to visit Rio. Now she just wanted to go home. Gabriela woke Julia up the next morning. "There's another Olympic event today!" she said. Julia did not want to go, but she smiled and got ready. The families walked through shady streets. Gabriela's street ended at a beach. Julia stopped and stared. Tall buildings stood along the beach. Olympic racing boats floated on the water. There was a big mountain behind them. "That's Sugarloaf Mountain," Gabriela said. It was beautiful. The next day, Julia ran to Gabriela's room. "We're going up Sugarloaf Mountain!" she said. They rode a cable car. It hung high above the city. Julia stared out the window. White buildings stood above the green jungle. They went to a big market. Julia tasted a mango. It was not like the mangoes at home. It was juicy and sweet! They went to an Olympic swimming race. Gabriela's brother, Chaz, cheered, "Go Brazil!" "Brazil is not even in this event!" Gabriela said. "Oh." Chaz said. He smiled at Julia. "Go Americа!" It was Julia's last day in Rio. They went to Grandma and Grandpa's. Julia remembered the house. She had visited when she was five. Grandpa had taught her to dance. It felt like home. Grandma made a spicy bean stew. After lunch, they went to an Olympic football game. "The crowd is very noisy," Julia said. "I'm scared." "Don't worry," Grandpa said. "Football fans are one big family." At the stadium, the crowd seemed even louder. Julia held Grandpa's hand. Brazil got the ball. Everyone cheered. Julia got caught up in the game. She cheered, too. Then, Brazil scored a goal. The crowd cheered. Grandpa lifted Julia in the air. They sang a song with the crowd to celebrate.

Create vocab quiz for the following vocab: eco hotel (noun) a hotel that is made to minimise impact on the natural environment water sports (noun) sports that take place on or in water windsurfing (noun) a sport in which you sail across water by standing on a board and holding onto a large sail waterskiing (noun) a sport in which you are pulled along the surface of the water by a boat, while balancing on a pair of skis first-aid kit (noun) a box or bag containing basic medical equipment day trip (noun) a visit to a place in which you go there and come back on the same day picnic basket (noun) a light container made of thin strips of wood, metal or plastic, that holds an informal meal of sandwiches, etc. for eating outside roller skating (noun) the activity of moving along the ground using roller skates ice skating (noun) the sport or activity of moving on ice using ice skates theme park (noun) a large permanent area for public entertainment, with entertaining activities and big machines to ride on or play games on, restaurants, etc. national park (noun) an area of a country that is protected by the government because of its natural beauty or because it has a special history campsite (noun) an area where people stay in tents for a holiday hot spring (noun) a place where hot water naturally flows out from the ground, typically heated by underground volcanic activity insect repellent (noun) a substance used to repel very small animals such as mosquitos tennis court (noun) a rectangular area marked with lines on which tennis is played swimming pool (noun) an area of water that has been made for people to swim in beach umbrella (noun) a device for protection against the sun sightseeing tour (noun) a tour of a place, visiting interesting places boat trip (noun) a journey taken in a small vehicle travelling on water

A. The continental plate remains above, while the oceanic plate subducts. The older and denser oceanic plate subducts beneath the younger plate. A subduction is the process by which an oceanic plate slide under a less dense plate, can be a continental or another oceanic plate. In this process, the plates involved are oceanic plate and continental plate. Oceanic Plate is thinner plate, Dense,generally, slides under into the mantle; and especially when it is older than the other oceanic plate. They may slide over given that it is the younger oceanic plate in the oceanic-oceanic subduction. In case of oceanic-continental subduction, even younger oceanic plate can never slide over it. Continental Plate is thicker plate, less dense and slides over and experiences compression and volcanic activity. Another concept is about buoyancy. Consider the Earth’s mantle as a giant swimming pool. Floating on top of it are the Earth's tectonic plates—some thin and dense, like the oceanic crust, and others thick and less dense, like the continental crust. Imagine the thin oceanic plate and the thick continental crusts are like tennis ball and soccer ball, respectively. When placed in water, the tennis ball sinks at the bottom and easily subducted as it is smaller and denser. Contrary, the soccer ball is larger and more buoyant, thus, resists subduction and tends to stay afloat. Therefore, during subduction, the thin and dense oceanic crust or an older oceanic crust slide under another plate due to its low buoyancy. Consequently, the thick and denser continental plate or younger oceanic plate slides over because of its high buoyancy. In the subduction zone, there are two landforms that are formed in the process, namely, trench and volcanic arcs. Trenches are deep valleys formed at the edges of the colliding plates, where an oceanic plate bends downward and starts to subduct another plate. It looks like a long, narrow depression where marks the zone where subduction begins. The other landform is the volcanic arc, a chain of volcanoes that formed on the overriding plates where water and sediments from the sinking slab cause the mantle wedge above it to melt, making the magma rise to the surface and forming the volcanoes. a. The formation of trench When these two plates collide, the oceanic plate is subducted and pulled into the mantle. The edges of the plates create a deep valley which we call trench. b. Formation of volcanic arcs When a denser oceanic plate collides with a less dense continental plate, oceanic plate is subducted and pulled into the mantle. As it reaches the mantle, the plate is subjected to extremely high pressure and temperature. This causes the trapped water and air in the plate to be released. The plate eventually melted back as magma. The formed magma rises to the surface. This gives rise to the formation of volcanic arcs. The same is true between the collision of two oceanic crusts as the older crust is subducted over the younger crust. However, the collision of two continental crusts will not result in the formation of trenches.

Teacher: Good morning, class! Welcome to the second grade. How was your summer vacation? Timmy: It was fun. I went to summer camp with Sam. Timmy: But summer vacation is finished. No more swimming at the beach and making sandcastles. Teacher: Yes, it’s time to study. Timmy: What will we learn in the second grade? Teacher: We will learn Math, Science, and many other things. Cindy: Will we learn French? My favorite class is French. Teacher: Yes, you will have French lessons with Ms. Martin.

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