What is an operating system?

C. System service provider to the application programs

A. Interface between the hardware and application programs

B. Collection of programs that manages hardware resources

Which is the Linux operating system?

C. Open-source operating system

System Software and Operating Systems

Operating Systems and Software - ICT - Grade 6 - Theme 4 - Lesson 2

Application, Operating System and Utility Software

1.1 Hardware and software ,Differences between types of operating systems Advantages and disadvantages of the different types of operating systems,Impact on everyday life including Artificial Intelligence (AI),Characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of storage media including magnetic, optical and solid-state,Including: network interface cards (NIC), hubs, bridges, switches,Local Area Network (LAN), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Wide Area Network (WAN) and the differences between these networks,Avoiding password interception by using up to date anti-spyware and regularly changing passwords The differences between strong and weak passwords Other authentication methods Including: zero login, biometric methods, magnetic stripes, smart cards, physical tokens, electronic tokens,Characteristics and uses including newsletters, posters, websites, multimedia presentations, audio, video, media streaming and ePublicationsCharacteristics and effect of threats to data including hacking, phishing, pharming, smishing, vishing, viruses, malware, card fraudLocate stored files Open and import files of different types Save files in a planned hierarchical directory/folder structure Save files using appropriate file names Save and print files in a variety of formats including a document, screenshots, database reports, data tables, graphs/charts, a web page in browser view, a web page in HTML view Use HTML in the content layer Notes and Guidance Create the content layer of a web page

Lesson 6: Software, Operating System, and Different Programming Languages Quiz No. 4

Reading Passage: The Anatomy of a Kill Chain In the lexicon of modern warfare, the term "kill chain" describes the end-to-end process of a military attack, from the initial identification of a target to its eventual destruction and the subsequent evaluation of the strike's effectiveness. Conceptually, the kill chain is a structural model used to understand and optimize the speed and precision of military operations. The fundamental principle of this model is that an attack functions as a sequence of interdependent stages; if any single link in the chain is broken, the entire operation fails. For strategic planners, this creates a dual objective: to accelerate one's own kill chain while simultaneously finding ways to disrupt the adversary's. Strategic Concept: The Kinetic Model (F2T2EA) The traditional military kill chain is often summarized by the acronym F2T2EA, representing a continuous cycle of find, fix, track, target, engage, and assess. The kinetic kill chain begins with Find, the reconnaissance phase where intelligence assets identify a potential target within a theater of operations. Once found, the process moves to Fix, which involves pinning down the target's specific location and ensuring it can be distinguished from friendly forces or non-combatants. Track follows, maintaining a persistent watch on the target's movements to prevent its escape. In the Target phase, commanders select the appropriate weapon system and verify the legality and strategic value of the strike. Engage is the kinetic moment—the actual deployment of ordnance against the objective. Finally, Assess involves battle damage assessment (BDA) to determine if the desired effects were achieved or if further engagement is required. This model emphasizes "compressing the sensor-to-shooter timeline," meaning the faster a military can move through these steps, the more lethal it becomes. The Evolution: The Cyber Kill Chain® As warfare expanded into the digital domain, Lockheed Martin adapted the kinetic model into the Cyber Kill Chain. This framework assists defenders in identifying and stopping Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs). Unlike a physical missile, a cyberattack often unfolds over weeks or months, but the sequential logic remains the same. The model consists of seven distinct stages: Stage Description of Attacker Activity 1. Reconnaissance The harvesting of information. Attackers research targets via social media, public records, and technical scanning to find vulnerabilities. 2. Weaponization Coupling a remote access trojan with an exploit into a deliverable payload (e.g., a malicious PDF or Microsoft Office document). 3. Delivery Transmission of the weapon to the target environment. Common vectors include email attachments, malicious websites, or USB drives. 4. Exploitation The weapon triggers. The code executes on the victim's system, typically by taking advantage of a software or operating system vulnerability. 5. Installation The attacker installs a persistent backdoor or malware on the victim's system, allowing them to maintain access even after a reboot. 6. Command & Control (C2) The compromised system opens a communication channel back to the attacker's server, allowing the intruder to give manual instructions. 7. Actions on Objective The final stage where the attacker achieves their goal, such as data exfiltration, encryption for ransom, or destruction of critical infrastructure. Strategic Implications for Defense The strategic value of the Cyber Kill Chain lies in its ability to provide a roadmap for "proactive defense." By understanding the sequence, security professionals can implement controls at every stage. For instance, robust email filtering can break the chain at the Delivery stage, while endpoint detection can stop the Installation phase. Crucially, the earlier a defender breaks the chain, the lower the cost of mitigation and the lower the risk of damage. If an attacker is stopped during Reconnaissance, they have gained nothing. If they are stopped during Actions on Objective, the damage may already be catastrophic. In both kinetic and cyber environments, the goal is the same: to create a "defensive depth" that makes the cost of a successful attack prohibitively high for the adversary.

2nd Qtr - Grade 2 : Quiz No. 1 - The Computer Software System and Peopleware and Data

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