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be prepared for next day

To protect his business and prevent chaos.

To gain more wealth from selling the gold later.

San Francisco

Sacramento

Pans, picks, shovels, and sluice boxes.

Gold mining caused deforestation, soil erosion, and water pollution in California.

Boomtowns declined and often became ghost towns.

California experienced rapid population growth, economic development, urbanization, and became a state in 1850.

The annexation of Texas caused diplomatic tensions and led to the Mexican-American War.

Rio Grande

The Oregon Trail was a major route for westward migration in the 19th century.

To create a defensive barrier for safety.

The Whitmans were massacred due to tensions with the Cayuse tribe, exacerbated by a measles outbreak.

Manifest Destiny was about the belief in the expansion of the United States across North America.

The movement of settlers into the American West, significantly influenced by rivers.

The incorporation of Texas into the United States, which caused diplomatic tensions with Mexico and led to the Mexican-American War.

To expand U.S. territory through the annexation of Texas, acquisition of Oregon, and pursuit of California and New Mexico.

The river that Texas claimed as the border between Texas and Mexico.

President Polk gave John Slidell permission to negotiate to buy California and New Mexico from Mexico for $30 million.

Polk sent troops to assert U.S. claims and provoke conflict with Mexico.

A major route for westward migration in the 19th century.

An acquisition that doubled the size of the United States and facilitated westward expansion.

The journey from St. Louis, Missouri, to the Pacific Ocean undertaken by Lewis and Clark.

The belief in the expansion of the United States across North America.

The territory ceded by Mexico to the United States in 1848.

A treaty that ended the Mexican-American War and ceded significant territories from Mexico to the United States.

A major route for westward migration in the 19th century.

An American physician and missionary instrumental in the westward expansion of the United States.

To create a defensive barrier for safety.

Strong currents and unpredictable water levels made river crossings dangerous.

Influenza, tuberculosis, smallpox, malaria, typhoid, scarlet fever, cholera, dysentery, and measles.

Wagon accidents, drowning, disease outbreaks, and animal-related injuries.

The Whitmans were massacred due to tensions with the Cayuse tribe, exacerbated by a measles outbreak.

The completion of the transcontinental railroad.

The belief in the expansion of the United States across North America.

It doubled the size of the United States and facilitated westward expansion.

From St. Louis, Missouri, to the Pacific Ocean.

A Native American woman who assisted the Lewis and Clark Expedition.