1. What term describes pea plants that are self-pollinating and produce offspring with identical traits to themselves? （什么术语描述自花授粉并产生与自身性状相同的后代的豌豆植物？）

2. How did Gregor Mendel prevent self-pollination in his pea plants during his experiments? （格雷戈尔·孟德尔在实验中如何防止豌豆植物自花授粉？）

3. When Mendel crossed true-breeding tall plants with true-breeding short plants, what was the result in the F1 generation? （当孟德尔将纯种高植株与纯种矮植株杂交时，F1代的结果是什么？）

4. What happens to alleles for a specific gene during the formation of gametes? （在配子形成过程中，特定基因的等位基因会发生什么？）

5. In Mendel’s F2 generation, approximately what fraction of the plants showed the trait controlled by the recessive allele? （在孟德尔的F2代中，大约有多少比例的植株表现出由隐性等位基因控制的性状？）

6. Which term refers to the physical characteristics of an organism, such as green pod color? （哪个术语指的是生物体的物理特征，例如绿色豆荚颜色？）

7. An organism that has two identical alleles for a particular gene (such as GG or gg) is described as what? （对于特定基因拥有两个相同等位基因（如GG或gg）的生物体被描述为什么？）

8. What principle states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes? （哪个原则指出在配子形成过程中，不同性状的基因可以独立分离？）

9. A cross between red-flowered and white-flowered four o'clock plants results in pink flowers. What pattern of inheritance is this? （红花和白花紫茉莉杂交产生粉红花。这是什么遗传模式？）

10. What factor explains why buckeye butterflies hatching in autumn have darker wing patterns than those hatching in summer? （什么因素解释了为什么秋天孵化的七叶树蝴蝶比夏天孵化的翅膀图案更深？）

11. What is the primary reason given for the difference in health outcomes between the Pima Indians in Mexico and the Pima Indians in Arizona? （导致墨西哥皮马印第安人和亚利桑那皮马印第安人健康结果差异的主要原因是什么？）

12. What is the function of the "Thrifty Gene" described in the textbook? （教科书中描述的“节俭基因”的功能是什么？）

13. The study of the Dutch Hunger Winter demonstrated that environmental factors can impact health at which stage of life? （荷兰饥饿冬天的研究表明，环境因素可以在生命的哪个阶段影响健康？）

14. What happened to the metabolisms of the babies who were in the womb during the Dutch Hunger Winter? （在荷兰饥饿冬天期间在子宫里的婴儿的新陈代谢发生了什么？）

15. In the NASA Twin Study, what occurred to Scott Kelly's telomeres while he was in space? （在NASA双胞胎研究中，斯科特·凯利在太空时端粒发生了什么？）

16. What percentage of Scott Kelly's genes remained altered months after he returned to Earth? （斯科特·凯利回到地球几个月后，有多少百分比的基因仍然发生了改变？）

17. In the textbook "Genetics loads the gun, but the environment pulls the trigger," what represents the "gun"? （在教科书“基因给枪上膛，但环境扣动扳机”中，什么代表“枪”？）

18. How does the textbook describe the relationship between DNA and epigenetics? （教科书如何描述DNA与表观遗传学之间的关系？）

19. According to the textbook, how do whole foods like leafy greens assist in gene regulation? （根据教科书，像绿叶蔬菜这样的全食如何辅助基因调节？）

20. What is the "mismatch" referred to in the stories of the Pima Indians and the Dutch Hunger Winter babies? （在皮马印第安人和荷兰饥饿冬天婴儿的故事中提到的“错配”指的是什么？）

21. In a case of incomplete dominance, what describes the phenotype of a heterozygous individual? （在不完全显性的情况下，如何描述杂合个体的表型？）

22. When a red-flowered (RR) four o'clock plant is crossed with a white-flowered (rr) four o'clock plant, what is the color of the offspring? （当红花（RR）紫茉莉与白花（rr）紫茉莉杂交时，后代的颜色是什么？）

23. Which term describes a situation where the phenotypes produced by both alleles are clearly expressed, such as in "erminette" chickens? （哪个术语描述了两个等位基因产生的表型都清晰表达的情况，例如在“厄米特”鸡中？）

24. A rabbit's coat color is determined by a single gene that has at least four different alleles. This is an example of which pattern of inheritance? （兔子的毛色由具有至少四个不同等位基因的单个基因决定。这是哪种遗传模式的例子？）

25. Based on the provided textbook regarding blood type genetics, which genotype represents a person with Blood Type O? （根据提供的关于血型遗传学的教科书，哪种基因型代表O型血的人？）

26. According to the textbook, which blood type is considered the universal recipient because they can receive blood from any other type (O-, O+, B-, B+, A-, A+, AB-, AB+)? （根据教科书，哪种血型被认为是万能受血者，因为他们可以接收任何其他类型的血液（O-, O+, B-, B+, A-, A+, AB-, AB+）？）

27. Examining the "Antibodies in Plasma" textbook, which antibodies are found in the plasma of a person with Type A blood? （查阅“血浆中的抗体”教科书，A型血的人的血浆中发现了哪些抗体？）

28. In the example of human cholesterol levels mentioned in the textbook, how does the heterozygous form of the gene function? （在教科书中提到的人类胆固醇水平的例子中，基因的杂合形式如何发挥作用？）

29. Which antigens are present on the Red Blood Cells of an individual with Blood Type AB? （AB型血个体的红细胞上存在哪些抗原？）

30. According to the donor compatibility textbook, a person with blood type O- can donate to which of the following recipients? （根据献血兼容性教科书，O-型血的人可以捐献给以下哪些受血者？）

31. What characteristic will an organism exhibit if it possesses both a dominant allele and a recessive allele for a particular trait? （如果一个生物体对特定性状同时拥有显性等位基因和隐性等位基因，它将表现出什么特征？）

32. Which term describes the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism? （哪个术语描述了生物体的一组可观察的特征或性状？）

33. What is the definition of genotype? （基因型的定义是什么？）

34. Which of the following examples represents a homozygous genotype? （以下哪个例子代表纯合基因型？）

35. What term is used to describe organisms that have two different alleles for the same gene? （用什么术语来描述对同一个基因有两个不同等位基因的生物体？）

36. What is the primary purpose of a Punnett square? （普纳特方格/庞氏表的主要目的是什么？）

37. Who developed the Punnett square? （谁发明了普纳特方格/庞氏表？）

38. In what year was the Punnett square developed? （普纳特方格是在哪一年发明的？）

39. What happens to the alleles for each gene during gamete formation? （在配子形成过程中，每个基因的等位基因会发生什么？）

40. How many alleles for each gene does a single gamete carry? （单个配子携带每个基因的多少个等位基因？）