What is the relationship between genetics and addiction?

Genetics can play a role in a person's susceptibility to developing addiction.

Genetics has no influence on addiction.

Genetics guarantees immunity to addiction.

Genetics only affect physical health, not addiction.

What is the function of the amygdala in relation to addiction?

The amygdala is involved in processing emotions and emotional responses related to addiction.

The amygdala regulates sleep patterns.

The amygdala is responsible for decision-making.

The amygdala controls balance and coordination.

What is the role of the hippocampus in addiction?

The hippocampus is involved in forming memories related to addictive behaviors and experiences.

The hippocampus controls heart rate.

The hippocampus is responsible for muscle movement.

The hippocampus regulates body temperature.

How can a supportive social environment contribute to overcoming addiction?

A supportive social environment can provide encouragement, understanding, and assistance in the recovery process.

A supportive social environment leads to increased addiction relapse.

A supportive social environment has no impact on addiction recovery.

A supportive social environment hinders recovery efforts.

How does prolonged drug use impact the brain's structure and function?

Prolonged drug use can lead to changes in the brain's structure and function.

Prolonged drug use has no impact on the brain.

Prolonged drug use strengthens brain functions.

Prolonged drug use only affects the body, not the brain.

What is the role of neurotransmitters in addiction?

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that play a key role in addictive behaviors.

Neurotransmitters have no impact on addiction.

Neurotransmitters are only found in the spinal cord.

Neurotransmitters are responsible for muscle movement.

How does addiction affect a person's overall well-being?

It can lead to negative impacts on physical, mental, and emotional health.

It has no effect on well-being.

It only affects physical health.

How does addiction impact the brain?

It can change the way the brain's reward system works.

What is the role of the nucleus accumbens in addiction?

It is involved in the brain's reward system and plays a role in addiction.

It regulates the sleep-wake cycle.

It controls body temperature and hunger.

It processes visual information.

How does addiction affect the brain's reward system?

It can lead to changes in dopamine levels and the brain's ability to feel pleasure.

It increases levels of serotonin in the brain.

It has no impact on the brain's reward system.

It enhances GABA receptors in the brain.

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in addiction?

Regulating decision-making and impulse control

Interpreting visual information

Controlling balance and coordination

The Brain and Addiction Well-Being Week 21 6th Grade

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE The world is filled with familiar objects, such as tables, rocks, plants, pets, and automobiles. Which of these objects are living or were once living? What are the criteria for assigning something to the living world or the nonliving world? Biologists have established that living things share seven characteristics of life. These characteristics are organization and the presence of one or more cells, response to a stimulus (plural, stimuli), homeostasis, metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, and change through time. Organization and Cells Organization is the high degree of order within an organism’s internal and external parts and in its interactions with the living world. For example, compare an owl to a rock. The rock has a spe- cific shape, but that shape is usually irregular. Furthermore, differ- ent rocks, even rocks of the same type, are likely to have different shapes and sizes. In contrast, the owl is an amazingly organized individual, as shown in Figure 1-2. Owls of the same species have the same body parts arranged in nearly the same way and interact with the environment in the same way. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ORGANISM (Barn Owl) ORGAN (Owl’s Ear) TISSUE (Nervous Tissue Within the Ear) CELL (Nerve Cell) Every living organism has a level of organization. The different levels of organization for a complex multicellular organism, such as an owl, are shown in the figure below. FIGURE 1-2 THE SCIENCE OF LIFE 7 All living organisms, whether made up of one cell or many cells, have some degree of organization. A cell is the smallest unit that can perform all life’s processes. Some organisms, such as bacteria, are made up of one cell and are called unicellular (YOON-uh-SEL-yoo-luhr) organisms. Other organisms, such as humans or trees, are made up of multiple cells and are called multicellular (MUHL-ti-SEL-yoo-luhr) organisms. Complex multicellular organisms have the level of orga- nization shown in Figure 1-2. In the highest level, the organism is made up of organ systems, or groups of specialized parts that carry out a certain function in the organism. For example, an owl’s ner- vous system is made up of a brain, sense organs, nerve cells, and other parts that sense and respond to the owl’s surroundings. Organ systems are made up of organs. Organs are structures that carry out specialized jobs within an organ system. An owl’s ear is an organ that allows the owl to hear. All organs are made up of tissues. Tissues are groups of cells that have similar abilities and that allow the organ to function. For example, nervous tissue in the ear allows the ear to detect sound. Tissues are made up of cells. A cell must be covered by a membrane, contain all genetic information necessary for replication, and be able to carry out all cell functions. Within each cell are organelles. Organelles are tiny structures that carry out functions necessary for the cell to stay alive. Organelles contain biological molecules, the chemical compounds that provide physical structure and that bring about movement, energy use, and other cellular functions. All biological molecules are made up of atoms. Atoms are the simplest particle of an ele- ment that retains all the properties of a certain element. Response to Stimuli Another characteristic of life is that an organism can respond to a stimulus—a physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment. For example, an owl dilates its pupils to keep the level of light entering the eye constant. Organisms must be able to respond and react to changes in their environment to stay alive. ORGANELLE (Mitochondrion) BIOLOGICAL MOLECULE (Phospholipid) ATOM (Oxygen) cell from the Latin, cella meaning “small room,” or “hut” Word Roots and Origins www.scilinks.org Topic: Characteristics of Life Keyword: HM60257 mb06se_bios01.qxd 5/18/07 10:37 AM Page 7 8 CHAPTER 1 Homeostasis All living things, from single cells to entire organisms, have mecha- nisms that allow them to maintain stable internal conditions. Without these mechanisms, organisms can die. For example, a cell’s water content is closely controlled by the taking in or releas- ing of water. A cell that takes in too much water will rupture and die. A cell that doesn’t get enough water will also shrivel and die. Homeostasis (HOH-mee-OH-STAY-sis) is the maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing. Organisms have regulatory systems that maintain internal conditions, such as temperature, water content, and uptake of nutrients by the cell. In fact, multi- cellular organisms usually have more than one way of maintain- ing important aspects of their internal environment. For example, an owl’s temperature is maintained at about 40°C (104°F). To keep a constant temperature, an owl’s cells burn fuel to produce body heat. In addition, an owl’s feathers can fluff up in cold weather. In this way, they trap an insulating layer of air next to the bird’s body to maintain its body temperature. Metabolism Living organisms use energy to power all the life processes, such as repair, movement, and growth. This energy use depends on metabolism (muh-TAB-uh-LIZ-uhm). Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment. For example, plants, algae, and some bacteria use the sun’s energy to generate sugar molecules during a process called photosynthesis. Some organisms depend on obtaining food energy from other organisms. For instance, an owl’s metabolism allows the owl to extract and modify the chemi- cals trapped in its nightly prey and use them as energy to fuel activities and growth. Growth and Development All living things grow and increase in size. Some nonliving things, such as crystals or icicles, grow by accumulating more of the same material of which they are made. In contrast, the growth of living things results from the division and enlargement of cells. Cell division is the formation of two new cells from an existing cell, as shown in Figure 1-3. In unicellular organisms, the primary change that occurs following cell division is cell enlargement. In multi- cellular life, however, organisms mature through cell division, cell enlargement, and development. Development is the process by which an organism becomes a mature adult. Development involves cell division and cell differen- tiation, or specialization. As a result of development, an adult organism is composed of many cells specialized for different func- tions, such as carrying oxygen in the blood or hearing. In fact, the human body is composed of trillions of specialized cells, all of which originated from a single cell, the fertilized egg. This unicellular organism, Escherichia coli, inhabits the human intestines. E. coli reproduces by means of cell division, during which the original cell splits into two identical offspring cells. FIGURE 1-3 Observing Homeostasis Materials 500 mL beakers (3), wax pen, tap water, thermometer, ice, hot water, goldfish, small dip net, watch or clock with a second hand Procedure 1. Use a wax pen to label three 500 mL beakers as follows: 27°C (80°F), 20°C (68°F), 10°C (50°F). Put 250 mL of tap water in each beaker. Use hot water or ice to adjust the tem- perature of the water in each beaker to match the temperature on the label. 2. Put the goldfish in the beaker of 27°C water. Record the number of times the gills move in 1 minute. 3. Move the goldfish to the beaker of 20°C water. Repeat observations. Move the goldfish to the beaker of 10°C. Repeat observations. Analysis What happens to the rate at which gills move when the temp- erature changes? Why? How do gills help fish maintain homeostasis? Quick Lab mb06se_bios01.qxd 5/18/07 10:37 AM Page 8 THE SCIENCE OF LIFE 9 Reproduction All organisms produce new organisms like themselves in a process called reproduction. Reproduction, unlike other characteristics, is not essential to the survival of an individual organism. However, because no organism lives forever, reproduction is essential for the continuation of a species. Glass frogs, as shown in Figure 1-4, lay many eggs in their lifetime. However, only a few of the frogs’ off- spring reach adulthood and successfully reproduce. During reproduction, organisms transmit hereditary informa- tion to their offspring. Hereditary information is encoded in a large molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. A short segment of DNA that contains the instructions for a single trait of an organism is called a gene. DNA is like a large library. It contains all the books—genes—that the cell will ever need for making all the struc- tures and chemicals necessary for life. Hereditary information is transferred to offspring during two kinds of reproduction. In sexual reproduction, hereditary information recombines from two organisms of the same species. The resulting offspring are similar but not identical to their parents. For example, a male frog’s sperm can fertilize a female’s egg and form a single fer- tilized egg cell. The fertilized egg then develops into a new frog. In asexual reproduction, hereditary information from different organisms is not combined; thus the original organism and the new organism are genetically the same. A bacterium, for example, reproduces asexually when it splits into two identical cells. Change Through Time Although individual organisms experience many changes during their lifetime, their basic genetic characteristics do not change. However, populations of living organisms evolve or change through time. The ability of populations of organisms to change over time is important for survival in a changing world. This factor is also impor- tant in explaining the diversity of life-forms we see on Earth today.

What is smoking? Smoking is the process of inhaling and exhaling smoke of a tobacco. The medical evidence is very clear, it says that smoking cigarettes endangers your health. Smoking contributes substantially to the development of such diseases as lung cancer, emphysema, bronchitis, and the development of respiratory diseases among babies What happens if the person smokes a cigarette? Cigarette smoke contains about 4,000 chemicals including nicotine, carbon monoxide, such other poisonous substances that leads to a growing number of deaths among smokers. Here are the harmful substances of cigarette smoke and their effects to the body: A. Nicotine is the poisonous drug stimulant that can be inhaled from cigarette smoke , especially if the cigarette is already short. It can also provoke an addictive response. What are the harmful effects of nicotine: Something to read: Home Economics and Livelihood Education 7 Seibo College 56 1. Stroke is caused by the absence of blood in the brain. 2. Heart Attack means when the heart stops pumping due to constricted blood vessels. Nicotine affects the liver’s role in removing the fats from the blood which can caused the blood vessels to clog and eventually blocked. 3. Poor blood circulation- absorption of nicotine in the blood , makes the blood vessels to constrict, hence making it difficult for blood to pass through. 4. Uneasiness, irritability and laziness.

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