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The digestive and Nervous System
Quiz by Noshka Adelaide Nobleza
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Is the first part in the digestive system composed of teeth and the tongue.
Stomach
Large Intestine
Esophagus
Mouth
a long coiled connected from the stomach.
Mouth
Esophagus
Small Intestine
Stomach
Is the first part in the digestive system composed of teeth and the tongue.
a long coiled connected from the stomach.
a long muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the throat tothe stomach.
a large J-shaped organ at the end of the esophagus, on the left side of the body.
a large coiled tube attached to the end of the small intestine.
Which moves the food from the esophagus to the stomach
Which organ takes nutrients from your food and puts it in yourbloodstream
In which part of the digestive system are proteins digested completely?
It is the longest part of small intestines, half coiled through the abdominal cavity
The pointed teeth which grip and tear the food.
The Nervous System is the control system of the body.
Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain.
The Nervous System consists of heart, brain, and spinal column.
The Spinal Cord like material inside the backbone.
The brain is found all over our body.
It is the control center of the Nervous System.
It is the basic unit of the Nervous System.
It is the pathway for messages sent by the brain to the body and from the body to the brain.
It is known as the control center of the body.
It is also known as the little brain found below the Cerebrum.
SCIENCE 6 Processing and Transport: Studying the digestive and cardiorespiratory systems.What is the digestive system? Importance of the digestive system. Histology of the digestive tract and its associated organs. Physiology of the digestive system, including mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and neuronal and hormonal control mechanisms.The endoplasmic reticulum (EN-doh-PLAZ-mik ri-TIK-yuh-luhm), abbre- viated ER, is a system of membranous tubes and sacs, called cisternae (sis-TUHR-nee). The ER functions primarily as an intracellu- lar highway, a path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another. The amount of ER inside a cell fluctuates, depending on the cell’s activity. There are two types of ER: rough and smooth. The two types of ER are thought to be continuous. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum The rough endoplasmic reticulum is a system of interconnected, flattened sacs covered with ribosomes, as shown in Figure 4-15. The rough ER produces phospholipids and proteins. Certain types of proteins are made on the rough ER’s ribosomes. These proteins are later exported from the cell or inserted into one of the cell’s own membranes. For example, ribosomes on the rough ER make digestive enzymes, which accumulate inside the endoplasmic retic- ulum. Little sacs or vesicles then pinch off from the ends of the rough ER and store the digestive enzymes until they are released from the cell. Rough ER is most abundant in cells that produce large amounts of protein for export, such as cells in digestive glands and antibody-producing cells. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum The smooth ER lacks ribosomes and thus has a smooth appear- ance. Most cells contain very little smooth ER. Smooth ER builds lipids such as cholesterol. In the ovaries and testes, smooth ER produces the steroid hormones estrogen and testosterone. In skeletal and heart muscle cells, smooth ER releases calcium, which stimulates contraction. Smooth ER is also abundant in liver and kidney cells, where it helps detoxify drugs and poisons. Long-term abuse of alcohol and other drugs causes these cells to produce more smooth ER. Increased amounts of smooth ER in liver cells is one of the factors that can lead to drug tolerance. As Figure 4-15 shows, rough ER and smooth ER form an interconnected network. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. reticulum from the Latin rete, meaning “net”; reticulum means “little net” Word Roots and Origins The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves as a site of synthesis for proteins, lipids, and other materials. The dark lines in the photo represent the membranes of the ER, and the narrow lighter areas between the dark lines show the channels and spaces (cisternae) inside the ER. FIGURE 4-15 Smooth ER Ribosomes Rough ER Cisternae 82 CHAPTER 4 GOLGI APPARATUS The Golgi apparatus, shown in Figure 4-16, is another system of flattened, membranous sacs. The sacs nearest the nucleus receive vesicles from the ER containing newly made proteins or lipids. Vesicles travel from one part of the Golgi apparatus to the next and transport substances as they go. The stacked membranes modify the vesicle contents as they move along. The proteins get “address labels” that direct them to various other parts of the cell. During this modification, the Golgi apparatus can add carbohydrate labels to proteins or alter new lipids in various ways. VESICLES Cells contain several types of vesicles, which perform various roles. Vesicles are small, spherically shaped sacs that are surrounded by a single membrane and that are classified by their contents. Vesicles often migrate to and merge with the plasma membrane. As they do, they release their contents to the outside of the cell. Lysosomes Lysosomes (LIE-suh-SOHMZ) are vesicles that bud from the Golgi appa- ratus and that contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes can break down large molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, car- bohydrates, and phospholipids. In the liver, lysosomes break down glycogen in order to release glucose into the bloodstream. Certain white blood cells use lysosomes to break down bacteria. Within a cell, lysosomes digest worn-out organelles in a process called autophagy (aw-TAHF-uh-jee). Lysosomes are also responsible for breaking down cells when it is time for the cells to die. The digestion of damaged or extra cells by the enzymes of their own lysosomes is called autolysis (aw-TAHL-uh-sis). Lysosomes play a very important role in maintaining an organism’s health by destroying cells that are no longer functioning properly. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. The Golgi apparatus modifies many cellular products and prepares them for export. FIGURE 4-16 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 83 Peroxisomes Peroxisomes are similar to lysosomes but contain different enzymes and are not produced by the Golgi apparatus. Peroxisomes are abundant in liver and kidney cells, where they neutralize free radicals (oxygen ions that can damage cells) and detoxify alcohol and other drugs. Peroxisomes are named for the hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, they produce when breaking down alco- hol and killing bacteria. Peroxisomes also break down fatty acids, which the mitochondria can then use as an energy source. Other Vesicles Specialized peroxisomes, called glyoxysomes, can be found in the seeds of some plants. They break down stored fats to provide energy for the developing plant embryo. Some cells engulf material by surrounding it with plasma membrane. The resulting pocket buds off to become a vesicle inside the cell. This vesicle is called an endosome. Lysosomes fuse with endosomes and digest the engulfed material. Food vacuoles are vesicles that store nutrients for a cell. Contractile vacuoles are vesicles that can contract and dispose of excess water inside a cell. Protein Synthesis One of the major functions of a cell is the production of protein. The path some proteins take from synthesis to export can be seen in Figure 4-17. In step , proteins are assembled by ribosomes on the rough ER. Then, in step , vesicles transport proteins to the Golgi apparatus. In step , the Golgi modifies proteins and pack- ages them in new vesicles. In step , vesicles release proteins that have destinations outside the cell. In step , vesicles containing enzymes remain inside the cell as lysosomes, peroxisomes, endo- somes, or other types of vesicles. 5 4 3 2 1 Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Proteins are assembled by ribosomes on the rough ER. Vesicles carry proteins from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus. Proteins are modified in the Golgi apparatus and enter new vesicles. Some vesicles release their proteins outside the cell. Other vesicles remain in the cell and become lysosomes and other vesicles. NucleusOrganisation and the digestive system B3HDHS Trilogy B3 Checkpoint quiz: Organisation and the digestive systemLife Processes Identify and define the seven life processes (MRS GREN). Classification Group living organisms based on observed similarities and differences. Classify vertebrates into taxonomic groups based on visible physical characteristics. Construct a dichotomous key to classify vertebrates. Cells Compare the structure of generalised plant and animal cells, and selected microbes (e.g. bacteria, fungi and Amoeba) Distinguish among cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, temporary and permanent vacuoles, mitochondrion, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes. Relate the structure of organelles to their functions; Identify specialised cells such as blood cells, ciliated epithelial cells, nerve cells, root hair cells, sperm cells and egg cells. Explain the importance of cell specialisation in multicellular organisms; include hierarchy of cells, tissues, organs; organ systems and then organism Diffusion, Osmosis, Active transport and Osmoregulation Explain the processes of diffusion, osmosis and active transport. Identify everyday instances of these processes occurring. Discuss the importance of diffusion, osmosis and active transport in living systems. Nutrition in Plants Describe the process of photosynthesis in green plants; test for end products, starch or reducing sugar (glucose). Relate the structure of the leaf of a flowering plant to its function in photosynthesis; draw and label the external features and the internal structure (cross section) of a leaf as seen in cross section under the light microscope. Nutrition in Humans Discuss the importance of a balanced diet in humans. State components of a balanced diet (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals, water and roughage and their roles) along with the results of their deficiency or surplus. Suggest dietary recommendations for treating and preventing named deficiency and physiological diseases (such as those outlined in the manual and your notes). Perform tests to distinguish among food substances - Test for proteins (Biuret), fats (grease spot), starch (iodine), reducing sugars (Benedict’s solution). The Digestive System in Humans Relate the structures of the human alimentary canal to their functions; Draw and label simple diagrams of the alimentary canal and internal structure of a tooth required. Describe mastication and the role of teeth in the mechanical breakdown of food to be included. (Compare types of teeth in humans and compare types of teeth in herbivores and carnivores.) Explain the role and importance of enzymes role of digestive enzymes in the mouth, stomach and pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine. Discuss properties of enzymes. Deduce from tables and graphs the effects of temperature and pH on enzyme activity. Experimental Skills Follow all drawing rules as outlined in the drawing skills checklist posted in the classroom (including calculation of magnification).Digestive System. Teeth help break down the food to small pieces. Tongue moves food to the back of the mouth and to the opening of the esophagus. Saliva is 99% water and enzymes that begin to chemical digestion. Small Intestine is a coiled tube like organ is 20feet long. This is when nutrients are taken up by the body. Villus is the spot that nutrients are pass out of the small intestine to the body. Liver is a large organ that produces bile to digest fat. Gallbladder produces bile as needed into the small intestine. Pancreas is an organ that produces enzymes and release directly into the small intestine. Colon or large intestine is an organ that absorbs most of the liquid from undigested food. Rectum is where solid waste is stored. Anus is the opening to the out side . The main function of the digestive system is to turn the food into simple sugars, amino acids, and carbohydrates. This is fuel for the human body. The first stage of the digestive system is the mouth and teeth. The teeth grid up the food. Which saliva is mix with the food to break the food down. The food is swallowed and wave like motion moves the food to the stomach. The second stage is the stomach breaks down the food. The stomach churns the food. Mixing the food with the gastric juices. This is done with the gastric juices are mix in the stomach. The glands in the stomach produce the juices. The gastric juices break down the proteins. Then the food is passed into the small intestine. In the small intestine which is about 20ft long. This is where the small intestine absorbs the nutrients from the food. Most digestion takes place in the duodenum of the small intestine. Small finger like projections called villus that collect the nutrients. These nutrients are passed into the bloodstream. The three organs that help in digesting the food. Liver, and gallbladder. Liver produces bile , a substance that aids in digestion of fats. Gallbladder holds and releases bile into the small intestine as needed. Pancreas lies across the back of the abdomen. The pancreas produces enzymes that are necessary to break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Cells in the pancreas are called Islet of Langerhans, which produce two hormones (glucagon, and insulin. These regulate sugar in the blood. Insulin is a hormone that stimulates the liver to convert glucose to glycogen. Glucagon is a hormone that stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose. SCIENCE 5 QUARTER 2 Human Body Systems o The Digestive System: Understanding how the body processes food. o The Respiratory System: Exploring the mechanics of breathing and gas exchange. o The Reproductive System: Learning the structures and functions involved in human reproduction. • Biological Classification o Animal and Plant Groups: Classifying organisms based on shared characteristics. o Microorganisms: Studying microscopic life forms and their impact. • Reproduction and Life Cycles o Animal Reproduction: Comparing reproductive strategies across species. o Life Cycles: Exploring the developmental stages of mammals, birds, reptiles, and plants. • Adaptation o Plant and Animal Adaptations: Investigating how organisms change to survive in their specific environments.