A new replacement dam for the Calaveras Reservoir is being built. Where is the Calaveras Reservoir located?

It is located in Fremont, California, next to an active earthquake fault.

It is located in Fremont, California, next to an active volcano.

It is located in Fremont, California, next to an iceberg.

It is located in Fremont, California, next to a popular beach.

The text describes a major problem affecting a significant number of dams throughout the United States. What is the problem?

Many dams need to be upgraded but funding and inspection staffing is limited.

Many dams are built in areas with lots of storms, and are likely to overflow.

Many dams are built with a thicker core of impermeable clay.

Many dams are strengthened by zones of compacted material.

Read the following sentences: One problem, experts say, is that many [dams] were built decades ago, when less was known about what a strong earthquake could do. Engineers didn't realize then that the loose rock and soil they used to form the base of some dams could liquefy in a strong earthquake, potentially causing the top of the structure to deform and spill. State officials have determined the 220-foot-high Calaveras Dam poses a flooding threat because the base of the 92-year-old structure was built atop loose earth on the site of a previous failed dam. About 300,000 people live in a flood zone along Alameda Creel below. Based on this information, what might an earthquake cause to happen if it takes place near a dam that is poorly constructed?

The earthquake may end up causing the dam to break and the water to flood nearby areas.

The earthquake may end up causing the base of the dam to become more compact and stronger.

The earthquake may end up causing the dam to be able to hold more water.

The earthquake may end up causing the dam and the water inside it to heat up.

Based on the text, why might the California's Division of Safety of Dams have ordered in 2001 that the Calaveras Reservoir be kept at no more than 40% full?

to limit the potential flooding damage that could be caused if an earthquake happens and the dam spills over

to decrease the chances of an earthquake taking place and causing the dam to spill over

to increase the potential flooding damage that could be caused if an earthquake happens and the dam spills over

to limit the amount of water being used during a time when the state was experiencing a drought

What is the main idea of this text?

Many dams in California are at a greater risk of breaking and flooding areas because they are located near active earthquake faults. For this reason, the Calaveras dam in Fremont, CA is being replaced with a new one that is better built.

Billions of dollars and inspection staffing is needed to repair and replace many damaged dams across the United States. Many states do not have the funding or the resources for these big construction projects.

When many of the country's dams were built, engineers didn't understand the extent of the damage earthquakes can cause them. Since then, we have more information about how earthquakes can impact dams.

Thirty percent of the dams in the United States are rated as posing a high or significant hazard. Many of these dams have bases formed from loose rock and soil, which could liquefy in a strong earthquake.

Throughout the text, the author provides quotes from different people. Why might the author have included these quotes?

to add the perspectives and insights of people who are involved with or understand the issues discussed in the text

to present to readers information that contradicts the facts and ideas shared in the text

to help readers understand how quotes can be used correctly in news articles

to allow the reader to feel a personal connection with the people in the text they probably do not know

The Fault Line Threatening Dams

What is an earthquake? Would you be surprised to learn that several million earthquakes happen every year? Seriously. Most are so small in magnitude or size that we cannot even feel them. In fact, only 20 earthquakes are efficiently reported each year in the United States Geological Survey. Wow! That is a huge difference! The Earth has four major layers. Inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. Think of the crust and top of the mantle like the skin of the earth. This skin is made up of different pieces of rock called tectonic plates. There are about 15 major slabs that join together, kind of like a puzzle. The edges around the tectonic plates are called plate boundaries. These massive pieces of rock slide back and forth under the Earth's surface, bumping up against each other and creating a lot of tension. This tension and movement create faults, which are basically huge cracks in the rock. When the faults get stuck, they build up pressure. And when they get unstuck, you guessed it, an earthquake. So basically, an earthquake is caused by the shifting and sliding of tectonic plates on the Earth's upper mantle and crust. There are three ways that tectonic plates shift or slide. They are subduction, lateral sliding, and spreading. Subduction happens when plates crash into each other. This can cause one plate to slide under another and be destroyed. Or the edges of the plate may rise up and form mountains. Lateral sliding means that the plates slide alongside each other, which can create lots of friction. And like you might have guessed, spreading happens when plates move apart from each other. When they do, melted rock between the plates rises and cools, forming new crust. Here's an interesting fact. Nearly 90% of all earthquakes begin in the Pacific Ocean, in an area called the Ring of Fire. It's called the Ring of Fire because along with earthquakes, it's filled with many active volcanoes. More than 450! Earthquakes can be powerful enough to change the surface of the earth and can do a lot of damage. And sometimes earthquakes can even cause other natural disasters, like avalanches, landslides, and tsunamis. Pretty wild, right? The epicenter is the location of an earthquake on the Earth's surface. The closer you are to the epicenter, the more of the earthquake you will feel. Earthquakes lose intensity as they travel away from the epicenter. Scientists measure the intensity of an earthquake using a special device called a seismograph. Seismometers detect and measure the vibrations given off by an earthquake. Magnitude is the number given to record the size of an earthquake. For example, a magnitude 5.5 is considered moderate. Above 8.0 is considered a major earthquake and we see one every year or two. Earthquakes measured at 2.5 or less are usually not felt, but can be recorded. And believe it or not, there are millions that happen each year. You can make a model of a seismograph at home, and we are going to show you how. It's activity time! You can print off directions for this one on our website at learnbright.org. You'll need a cardboard box, string, a plastic cup, a marker, small heavy objects, a long strip of paper, and a friend because this is an activity for at least two people. Now comes the fun part. One friend shakes the box, alternating between hard and soft and slow and fast, while the other friend is pulling the strip of paper through the bottom. Watch the marker as it records the movement. This is exactly what a seismograph does during an earthquake. So, in a way, we have not only created our own seismograph, but our own earthquake as well. Now, we can analyze the data just like scientists. Can you tell how hard the box was shaking based on the line? Can you tell when it was barely shaking at all? You are on your way to becoming a seismologist. A seismologist is a person that studies earthquakes. It's pretty cool to watch the process, but it's even more exciting to do it yourself. You can head on over to our website to get detailed instructions for this activity. Just download the lesson plan and as always have fun! Hope you had fun learning with us! Visit us at learnbright.org for thousands of Hope you had fun learning with us! Visit us at learnbright.org for thousands of free resources and turnkey solutions for teachers and homeschoolers.

The Fault In Our Stars Ch. 8

The Fault In Our Stars Ch. 5 Vocabulary

The Fault in our stars vocabulary

The Fault In Our Stars

Chapter 7 Lesson 2 It is the fault that Shakes

What is the relationship between faults and earthquakes? What happens to a fault when an earthquake occurs? Earthquakes occur on faults - strike-slip earthquakes occur on strike-slip faults, normal earthquakes occur on normal faults, and thrust earthquakes occur on reverse or thrust faults. When an earthquake occurs on one of these faults, the rock on one side of the fault slips with respect to the other. The fault surface can be vertical, horizontal, or at some angle to the surface of the earth. The slip direction can also be at any angle. What is a fault and what are the different types? A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other. This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake - or may occur slowly, in the form of creep. Faults may range in length from a few millimeters to thousands of kilometers. Most faults produce repeated displacements over geologic time. During an earthquake, the rock on one side of the fault suddenly slips with respect to the other. The fault surface can be horizontal or vertical or some arbitrary angle in between. Earth scientists use the angle of the fault with respect to the surface (known as the dip) and the direction of slip along the fault to classify faults. Faults which move along the direction of the dip plane are dip-slip faults and described as either normal or reverse (thrust), depending on their motion. Faults which move horizontally are known as strike-slip faults and are classified as either right-lateral or left-lateral. Faults which show both dip-slip and strike-slip motion are known as oblique-slip faults. The following definitions are adapted from The Earth by Press and Siever. normal fault - a dip-slip fault in which the block above the fault has moved downward relative to the block below. This type of faulting occurs in response to extension and is often observed in the Western United States Basin and Range Province and along oceanic ridge systems. Normal Fault Animation reverse (thrust) fault - a dip-slip fault in which the upper block, above the fault plane, moves up and over the lower block. This type of faulting is common in areas of compression, such as regions where one plate is being subducted under another as in Japan. When the dip angle is shallow, a reverse fault is often described as a thrust fault. Thrust Fault Animation Blind Thrust Fault Animation strike-slip fault - a fault on which the two blocks slide past one another. The San Andreas Fault is an example of a right lateral fault. Strike-slip Fault Animation A left-lateral strike-slip fault is one on which the displacement of the far block is to the left when viewed from either side. A right-lateral strike-slip fault is one on which the displacement of the far block is to the right when viewed from either side.

Who is most at fault for the deaths of romeo and juliet?

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