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The Immune System
Quiz by JosÊ Chåvez
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Properties of Antigens and the Immune System QuizBacterial Cell One of the very first organisms to evolve on earth was probably a unicellular organism, like modern bacteria. Ever since then, life has evolved into a multitude of life forms over many millennia. However, we can still trace our ancestry back to this single-celled organism. Bacteria Definition âBacteria are unicellular organisms belonging to the prokaryotic group where the organisms lack a few organelles and a true nucleusâ. Internal Structures ⢠Cytoplasm: A gel-like substance that fills the cell, containing water, enzymes, nutrients, and waste, where metabolic activities occur. ⢠Nucleoid: A region within the cytoplasm that houses the bacterial chromosome, a single, continuous circle of DNA. ⢠Ribosomes: Responsible for synthesizing proteins within the cell. ⢠Plasmids: Small, circular, extra-chromosomal DNA molecules that can provide advantageous traits, such as antibiotic resistance. ⢠Mesosomes: (Optional, less prominent in some views) Folds in the plasma membrane that are believed to be involved in cell division and respiration. Outer Structures & Layers ⢠Cell Wall: A rigid outer layer composed of peptidoglycan that provides structural support, maintains cell shape, and protects against osmotic lysis. Capsule: (Optional) A sticky outer layer of polysaccharide that can help the bacteria adhere to surfaces, protect against phagocytosis by the immune system, and serve as a food reserve. ⢠Plasma Membrane: A selectively permeable barrier that regulates the passage of nutrients and waste products into and out of the cell. Appendages ⢠Flagella: Long, whip-like structures that provide motility, allowing the bacterium to move through its environment. ⢠Pili (and Fimbriae): Hair-like protein appendages. Pili are longer and involved in bacterial conjugation (transfer of genetic material), while the shorter, more numerous fimbriae primarily function in attachment to host cells or surfaces.A symbiosis (SIM-bie-OH-sis) is a close, long-term relationship between two organisms. Three examples of symbiotic relation- ships include: parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism. Parasitism (PAR-uh-SIET-IZ-UHM) is a relationship in which one indi- vidual is harmed while the other individual benefits. Mutualism (MYOO-choo-uhl-IZ-uhm) is a relationship in which both organisms derive some benefit. In commensalism (kuh-MEN-suhl-IZ-uhm), one organism benefits, but the other organism is neither helped nor harmed. Parasitism Parasitism is similar to predation in that one organism, called the host, is harmed and the other organism, called the parasite, benefits. However, unlike many forms of predation, parasitism usually does not result in the immediate death of the host. Generally, the parasite feeds on the host for a long time rather than kills it. Parasites such as aphids, lice, leeches, fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes that remain on the outside of their host are called ectoparasites. Parasites that live inside the hostâs body are called endoparasites. Familiar endoparasites are heart- worms, disease-causing protists, and tapeworms, such as the one shown in Figure 20-5. Natural selection favors adaptations that allow a parasite to exploit its host efficiently. Parasites are usually specialized anatomically and physiologically for a par- asitic lifestyle. Parasites can have a strong negative impact on the health and reproduction of the host. Consequently, hosts have evolved a variety of defenses against parasites. Skin is an important defense that prevents most parasites from entering the body. Tears, saliva, and mucus defend openings through which parasites could pass, such as the eyes, mouth, and nose. Finally, the cells of the immune system may attack para- sites that get past these defenses. parasite from the Latin word parasitus, meaning âone who eats at the table of anotherâ Word Roots and Origins Tapeworms are endoparasites that can grow to 20 m or greater in length. Tapeworms are so specialized for a parasitic lifestyle that they do not have a digestive system. They live in the hostâs small intestine and absorb nutrients directly through their skin. Tapeworms reproduce by producing egg-filled chambers, which are released in their hostâs feces to be unknowingly picked up by a future host. FIGURE 20-5 Copyright Š by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 404 CHAPTER 20 Mutualism Mutualism is a relationship in which two species derive some benefit from each other. Some mutualistic relation- ships are so close that neither species can survive without the other. An example of mutualism, shown in Figure 20-6, involves ants and some species of Acacia plants. The ants nest inside the acaciaâs large thorns and receive food from the acacia. In turn, the ants protect the acacia from herbi- vores and cut back competing vegetation. Pollination is one of the most important mutualistic rela- tionships on Earth. Animals such as bees, butterflies, flies, beetles, bats, and birds that carry pollen between flowering plants are called pollinators. A flower is a lure for pollina- tors, which are attracted by the flowerâs color, pattern, shape, or scent. The plant usually provides foodâin the form of nectar or pollenâfor its pollinators. As a pollinator feeds in a flower, it picks up a load of pollen, which it may then carry to other flowers of the same species. Commensalism Commensalism is an interaction in which one species benefits and the other species is not affected. Species that scavenge for leftover food items are often considered commensal species. However, a relationship that appears to be commensalism may simply be mutu- alism in which the mutual benefits are not apparent. An example of a commensal relationship is the relationship between cattle egrets and Cape buffaloes in Tanzania. The birds feed on small animals such as insects and lizards that are forced out of their hiding places by the movement of the buffaloes through the grass. Occasionally, the cattle egrets also feed on ectoparasites from the hide of the buffaloes, but the buffaloes gen- erally do not benefit from the presence of the egrets.Overview of the Human Immune System - Starter QuizThe Lymphatic and Immune System Hackers: the Internet's immune systemWhat is depleted ozone layer? It means the protective layer of the Earthâs atmosphere which contains high concentration of ozone molecules which absorbs ultra violet radiation from the sun is seriously decreasing or exhausting. What are Ozone molecules? It is a component of the ozone layer which absorbs the ultraviolet radiation coming from the sun. Here are the causes of depleted ozone layer? a. aerosol b. CFCs c. air pollution While the effects of depleted ozone layer are as follows: a. sunburn b. skin cancer Home Economics and Livelihood Education 7 Seibo College 46 c. cataract d. weak immune system Now, study the following harmful effects of cosmetics on both human and environment: Cosmetics Harmful Effects Hair Spray dandruff, hair loss, environmental destruction if contains harmful substances. Hair Dye blindness if dye comes in contact with the eyes. irritation if dye comes in contact with an open wound. Gel dry hair, split ends, scalp irritation, dandruff. Make-up skin allergy, severe allergic reaction if contains harmful substances.Using real-world scenarios, generate a quiz to assess knowledge over the following vocabulary words : disease, infect, protect, symptom, vaccine, virus, immune system, spread, avoid, overwhelm, contain, expose (to), mystery, rare, assign, confirm, determine, prevention, refuse, cover, examine, investigate, obvious, produce, encourage, approved