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The Secret Garden on 81st Street
Quiz by Cynthia Breault
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âWho is the author of The Secret Garden on 81st Street?
Johnnie Christmas
Mae Respicio
Katherine Applegate
Ivy Weir
âWhat is the main setting of The Secret Garden on 81st Street?
London
California
Maine
New YorkÂ
Who is the author of The Secret Garden on 81st Street?
What is the main setting of The Secret Garden on 81st Street?
Who is the main character in The Secret Garden on 81st Street?
What is the name of the cat in The Secret Garden on 81st Street?Â
Who is the owner of Robin the cat in The Secret Garden on 81st Street?
There is a chicken in The Secret Garden on 81st Street
What key chain is on the key to the rooftop garden?
Where was Mary born?Â
Before moving to her uncle's house, Mary liked toÂ
Mary is met at the airport byÂ
What color is Archie Craven's house?Â
Mary's room in New York has all of the following except a(n)
The nest shown is home to what type of bird?Â
What does Mary have for breakfast on her first day at her uncle's house?Â
Central Park goes all the way between which two streets?Â
Who tells Mary about the garden on the roof?Â
Where does Mary visit first?Â
What is the first plant Mary gets from Ben?Â
After her trip to the Museum of Natural History, Mary looks for a book called
Who is the author of Octopus and Squid?
What is Mrs. Medlock's first name?Â
Who was Masahiro?Â
What artist is featured during Mary's trip to the MET?Â
What brand do Mary and Martha see at the MoMA Design Store?Â
Mary tries all of the following new foods except
Where does Mary find cat treats?Â
What brand of snack bag was stuck in the rose thorns?Â
Colin wears all of the following exceptÂ
What does Mary tell her uncle she wants?Â
How many people live in Dickon's home?Â
The following username appears in the book:Â The_Cultured_Cat
The following username appears in the book:Â Plant-tasticPlants
The following username appears in the book:Â garden_mania
The following username appears in the book:Â thyme4tea
The following username appears in the book: Pot_It_Like_Its_Hottt
The following username appears in the book:Â therealcupoftea
The following username appears in the book: twigs_and_figs
The following username appears in the book:Â Bugs_And_Hugs
The following username appears in the book: TotallyRadDog
The following username appears in the book:Â WeedFeed
The following username appears in the book:Â Plant_Prof
The following username appears in the book:Â UnicornBaker4Life
What color pansies to Mary and Dickon carry upstairs?Â
What does Mary call the lily bulb?Â
What plant seeds does Ben give Mary and Dickon when they go to pick up daylilies?
Colin takes medicince for his anxiety.Â
Mary and Colin do all of the following together except
How does Martha discover Mary has been visiting Colin?Â
What is the name of Colin's therapist?Â
Mary says this food from "Halal For You" is amazing.Â
We see all of the following animals at the Central Park Zoo except
Where is Mary's uncle working in the spring?
What kind of dessert do the kids "owe Ben"?Â
What herb does Colin remember eating right off the plant?Â
What is Ben's last name?Â
How much do oranges cost at Ben's store?
Who's in the photograph that Archie Craven has on his work desk?Â
The back of the photo that Mary found says
What cultivar of rose does Ben bring to the roof garden?Â
What is a "bodega"?Â
Who is the illustrator of The Secret Garden on 81st Street?
Who says "I'm OK. I just need to breathe"?Â
Who says "You'll always be part of our family"?Â
Who says "he fancies himself quite the urban horticulturalist"?Â
Who says "We are who we are, and to be honest, I think all three of us are a bunch of weirdos"?Â
Who says "You have to understand, he's a very busy man"?Â
Who says "How did you know they were in here?"Â
Who says "Mary. Step where I can see you"?Â
Who says "Just wait--by June, this place will be beautiful!"?Â
Who says "Mrs. Medlock is going to kill me"?Â
Who says "You're a good kid, you know that?"Â
Commas Directions: Correct the sentences by adding commas where needed. 1. After the sound of the bell we realized it was a false alarm. 2. Mr. Yoshino the head of the department resigned yesterday. 3. The gentleman with the black umbrella who is an ambassador to the United States said hello to us as we were entering the hotel. 4. Even though we won the game the players unfortunately did not play their best. 5. Heather walked quickly up to the door and knocked hoping that someone would answer. Authorâs Purpose 6. An author writes a story about a boy who saves his town from a flood by using his quick thinking. The author includes exciting descriptions of the boy's bravery. What is the authorâs most likely purpose for writing this story? A. To inform readers about the dangers of floods B. To entertain readers with a heroic tale C. To explain how to prevent floods D. To persuade readers to prepare for emergencies 7. Which of the following is an example of an author writing to persuade? A. A science textbook chapter explaining the water cycle B. A commercial encouraging people to adopt shelter pets C. A short story about a girl who finds a magical necklace D. A recipe for making chocolate chip cookies 8. Read the following sentence: "Studies show that students who read for 20 minutes a day score higher on tests. Reading is one of the best habits you can develop for success in school and life." What is the authorâs purpose in this passage? A. To entertain readers with a fun story B. To persuade readers to read more often C. To inform readers about how books are written D. To explain how to find books to read 9. An author writes a how-to guide titled 10 Easy Steps to Plant a Garden. What is the authorâs primary purpose? A. To persuade readers to grow their own vegetables B. To inform readers how to plant a garden C. To entertain readers with funny garden tips 10. Read the excerpt: "Long ago, in a village surrounded by mountains, the people discovered a secret about their water well. Every full moon, the well water turned to gold for just one night. But no one knew why. This mystery brought travelers from far and wide, hoping to uncover the truth." What is the authorâs purpose in this excerpt? A. To persuade readers to visit the village B. To inform readers about a historical event C. To entertain readers with a mysterious tale D. To explain the science behind the water Main Idea When I stepped out into the bright sunlight from the darkness of the movie house, I had only two things on my mind: Paul Newman and a ride home. I was wishing I looked like Paul Newman--- he looks tough and I don't--- but I guess my own looks aren't so bad. I have light-brown, almost-red hair and greenish-gray eyes. I wish they were more gray because I hate most guys that have green eyes, but I have to be content with what I have. My hair is longer than a lot of boys wear theirs, squared off in back and long at the front and sides, but I am a greaser and most of my neighborhood rarely bothers to get a haircut. Besides, I look better with long hair. 11. What is the main idea? The narrator likes movies. The narrator wishes he was Paul Newman. The narrator is content with his appearance. The narrator looks better with long hair. 12. The narrator believes. . . looks are important. he should get a haircut. green eyes are bad. that he has red hair. Once there were four girls who shared a pair of pants. The girls were all different sizes and shapes, and yet the pants fit each of them. You may think this is a suburban myth. But I know it's true, because I am one of them, one of the sisters of the Traveling Pants. We discovered their magic last summer, purely by accident. The four of us were splitting up for the first time in our lives. Carmen had gotten them from a secondhand place without even bothering to try them on. She was going to throw them away, but by chance, Tibby spotted them. First Tibby tried them; then me, Lena; then Bridget; then Carmen. By the time Carmen pulled them on, we knew something extraordinary was happening. If the same pants fit and I mean really fit the four of us, they aren't ordinary. They don't belong completely to the world of things you can see and touch. My sister, Effie, claims I don't believe in magic, and maybe I didn't then. But after the first summer of the Traveling Pants, I do. 13. What is the main idea? Four friends were connected through a special pair of pants. A pair of pants called the Traveling Pants. Carmen finding a pair of pants from a second-hand shop. The girls believing in magic. 14. The narrator included that the pants fit all of them to emphasize how the girls become friends. the girls are different sizes. why the pants are special. where the pants came from. If you are interested in stories with happy endings, you would be better off reading some other book. In this book, not only is there no happy ending, there is no happy beginning and very few happy things in the middle. This is because not very many happy things happened in the lives of the three Baudelaire youngsters. Violet, Klaus, and Sunny Baudelaire were intelligent children, and they were charming, and resourceful, and had pleasant facial features, but they were extremely unlucky, and most everything that happened to them was rife with misfortune, misery, and despair. I'm sorry to tell you this, but that is how the story goes. 15. What is the main idea? description about the story to come. A warning about the story and its sad content. A declaration about the Baudelaire family. A beginning for the end of the story. 16. The narrator believes the reader does not like sad stories. likes stories with happy endings. canât enjoy the story. will find the story unhappy. 17. Read the following sentence: Of course you can exaggerate your story, but what you say must be based on truth. Which word means the same as exaggerate? repeat reveal overstate increase 18. What is the meaning of the word inaugurated, used in the following sentence: Less than two months after Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated President in 1861, he encountered one of the most difficult tasks ever experienced by a United States leader: civil war. elected by a vote brought into office identified by name viewed as an authority 19. What does the phrase âpractice your presentation so much that you could do it in your sleepâ suggest in the following sentence: The best advice is to practice your presentation so much that you could do it in your sleep. get plenty of sleep the night before giving a presentation give their presentations in front of a small audience first take advice from their teachers on how to write a presentation memorize their presentations before they give them 20. Read the following sentence: The Phoenix Mars Lander is a NASA spacecraft that landed on the Red Planet in May 2009 to study the history of water and potential for life on the planet. What is another word for potential? existence situation possibility qualification Broken windows are covered. Floorboards are patched and doors screwed back on. The road that was ruined by German tanks is shovelled and raked smooth. Boot-shaped bruises turn yellow then fade and disappear. Flowers grow and spread across the ugly German footprints stomped into garden beds. The village looks pretty once more. School stops for the summer and everyone is put to work on the kolkhoz, the village farm. Women and big boys begin harvesting the barley crops in the outer fields. The biggest girls milk the cows, morning and night, and keep the barns clean. Old Nikolay mends ploughs, horse harnesses, pitchforks and scythes in his workshop. Anna Pushinka teaches Yelena and her friends how to get the honey from the beehives that are scattered through the orchards. I am in charge of collecting eggs. My friends Olga and Nina help. Olga and Nina are five, a year younger than me. They are twins and look exactly alike, except Ninaâs nose is a little bit crooked from when she fell out of bed and squashed it sideways on the floor. The hens, ducks and geese wander free in the summer, so collecting eggs is like a treasure hunt and takes hours. Catching the hens for their daily hugs takes even longer, but I think itâs important because hugs make everyone happy and happy hens lay bigger eggs. Olga says Iâm the best hen-hugger in all of Russia. Nina says Iâll be the best cow-hugger, too, when my arms grow longer. But good hugs have nothing to do with the size of your arms. Itâs all to do with the size of your heart. When we are done with the hens, Olga, Nina and I can spend the rest of the day doing whatever we like. We climb the apricot trees, chase squirrels, lie in the meadow marvelling at how hot Ushankaâs black fur becomes in the sunshine, make daisy chains and race little boats of bark in the stream. I teach Olga and Nina the alphabet and we use charcoal to write our letters and our names all over the village â on doors and walls and the freshly cut ends of firewood. In between, I practise my knots. In case the German princemonsters return. I slip into Old Nikolayâs workshop and tie knots in the harnesses hanging on the walls. I wander into gardens where the washing is hung out to dry and tie knots in the laces on pants and smocks. I creep up behind Anna Pushinka and tie knots in her apron strings. I find baling twine in the hay shed and tie my own ankles together. I do such a good job of these last knots that I canât get them undone. I have to jump all the way to Olga and Ninaâs house and ask them to cut me free with their mamaâs knife. At the end of each day, Ushanka and I run out into the distant barley fields to meet Mama. This is my favourite part of the day, because Mama always shouts, âLittle Rabbit!â and smothers my head with kisses. And as we walk home, we sing. Everyone â women, big boys and me. I love to sing. Almost as much as I love to be kissed by Mama. Sometimes one of the boys, Mikhail, has his balalaika with him. He takes the instrument out from beneath the sheaves of barley piled high on the wagon and plays music. We sing about forests and orchards and people who find their true love. As we walk home, arm in arm, my heart fills with happiness and my belly swells with pride that I am allowed to sing along with the big boys. And I can almost forget about the German prince-monsters and their lies about Russia and their big ugly boots. Almost. But today, when Mikhail reaches for his balalaika, I see other things hiding beneath the barley sheaves. Three of the mamas rush forward and cover them up, but itâs too late. I know they are there. Iâve already seen them. Rifles. Lots of rifles. Mikhail hugs his balalaika to his chest and blushes. âSo play!â cries Mama, her voice oddly loud and high. âLetâs play Sashaâs favourite song, âThe Little Birch Treeâ.â So Mikhail plays and everyone sings about the lovely birch tree with its curly leaves and the branches that will be turned into silver flutes. They sing too quickly, too loudly, and as they sing and walk, they cast nervous sideways glances at me. âItâs alright,â I say, when the song comes to an end. âI didnât see the rifles.â Mama nods and smiles, and I know it was the right thing to say. But I did see the rifles. And I think about Yelena wanting to get lots of guns and dynamite for the Partisans so they can shoot the Germans and blow them into thousands of tiny pieces, and Mama looking as though she agreed, and I know this is what the mamas and the big boys are doing. As well as harvesting, they are helping the Partisans. Three days later, I wake before dawn and I am all alone. Yelena is always here beside me when I wake. But not this morning. I climb down from our bed above the stove. Mama is filling a cloth sack with bread. She ties it closed with a piece of string and hands it to Yelena. âStay out of sight,â says Mama. âAnd donât return until after dark.â âWhereâs she going?â I ask. âNowhere,â snaps Mama. âThen why does she need all that bread?â I ask. âThereâs nothing left for us.â Mama baked four loaves last night and she has stuffed them all into the sack. Yelena opens her mouth, but before she can speak, Mama shoves her out the door and sends her on the way to nowhere. Mama turns and stares at me, her blue, blue cornflower eyes wide with worry. âI know,â I say, flopping down on the bench. âI didnât see any bread.â Mama sits beside me and takes my hand. âAnd . . .?â she prods, obviously waiting for more. I puzzle for a while, then say, âAnd I donât have a sister called Yelena.â Mama laughs, softly and with a little bit of sadness around the edges. âSweet Little Rabbit! You do have a sister called Yelena.â âI do?â I ask, now confused. âI havenât seen the rifles or the bread, but I have seen Yelena?â âYes.â Mama smiles and the magic makes me smile, too. And I am glad that Yelena is real because I love her very much. âYelena is real,â Mama explains, âbut she does not carry sacks of bread into the forest for the Partisans.â âOf course not!â I shout, slapping my forehead. âBecause there is no bread!â Mama laughs loudly now, with not a hint of sadness. She hugs me, pressing me against her warm, loving heart, covering my head with kisses. âClever Little Rabbit,â she murmurs, and then, in barely a whisper, âYour papa would be so proud.â When I wake the next morning, Yelena is sleeping beside me, her mouth open, her braided hair unravelling. Mama is serving kasha to a strange woman seated at our table. I crawl down from above the stove and slide along the bench beside her. I stare at her pants, her tunic, the rope she is using as a belt and her big boots. Sheâs dressed like a man! And thereâs a rifle leaning against the wall near the door. âHello,â I say. âIâm Sasha.â The woman doesnât reply. She just shovels down her kasha. I line my four wooden bears along the table in front of her bowl and say, âThese are my bears: Big Bear, Medium Bear, Little Bear and Even Littler Bear.â âHello, Sasha. Hello, bears.â She smiles but she doesnât tell me her name. âWhy are you dressed like a man?â I ask, tugging at the sleeve of her tunic. âBecause menâs clothes make it easier to run and climb and crawl and shoot,â she says. âYouâre a Partisan!â I gasp. âBut sheâs not real,â says Mama, placing a bowl of kasha before me. âIs the kasha real?â I ask. Mama laughs. âYes, Little Rabbit.â Iâm glad the food is real, because Iâm hungry. But Iâm disappointed that the woman is not real. I was going to ask if I could use her rope-belt to tie her ankles together. For practice. But if sheâs not real, then the rope and her ankles arenât either. The woman finishes her kasha, hangs her rifle over her shoulder, kisses Mama on the cheek then slips out the door. I run to the window to watch her leave, but by the time I get there, sheâs gone. Vanished. âBecause sheâs not real,â I whisper. A week later, Mama and I are working in the garden. We sing as we weed between the flowers and pluck caterpillars from the vegetables. Anna Pushinka is picking strawberries in her garden and wanders over. âTaste these,â she says, holding out the basket. Mama reaches in and takes out a fat strawberry and a tiny piece of folded paper. The strawberry goes into her mouth, the paper into her pocket. âWhatâs on the paper?â I ask. âPaper?â Anna Pushinka replies with a wave of her hand. âGoodness, Sasha! Who has money for paper? These are lean times. We must choose between paper for writing and noodles for our soup. And I always choose noodles.â She chuckles and I know the paper is yet another thing that is not real. That night, Mama slips the paper to Yelena, but she drops it on the floor. I pick it up for her, and I see that there are tiny words and numbers written all over it. I wish I could read better. Iâm desperate to know what it says. Or rather, what it doesnât say, because itâs not real. Later, when Mama has tucked us into our bed above the stove and Ushanka has wrapped herself around the top of my head, I ask Yelena, âWhatâs on the paper?â âWhat paper?â says Yelena. âThe paper that isnât real,â I reply. Yelena stares at me, nibbling her lip, then whispers, âA message for the Partisans. Stuff about where the Germans have their headquarters and when their trains are travelling and where they store their ammunition.â âWhy?â âSo the Partisans can blow them up.â Yelena grabs my arm. âBut donât tell anyone. Itâs a secret.â âWhatâs a secret?â I ask. âThe message.â âWhat message?â I say, my eyes wide. Yelena laughs. âGood boy, Sasha.â My belly swells with pride. I know how to play this game. âHow are your knots coming along?â asks Yelena. âGood! Yesterday, I crept into the dairy and tied knots in the apron strings of all the girls who were milking and only one of them noticed. Today, I tied Olgaâs ankles together with Mamaâs embroidery thread and just now, while you were taking a bath, I tied the sleeves of your blouse together in an enormous knot.â Yelena rolls her eyes, then says, âIâll see if I can find you some rope for practising.â âPractising what?â I ask. âYour knots,â she says. âWhat knots?â Yelena, my big sister who is twelve and always serious tAlright, Isti â hereâs a longer and more detailed English version of the Isaac Newton text, still written at a level thatâs accessible for Grade 4 students, but rich enough in information to meet PISA literacy expectations and EF A2-level vocabulary. Iâve kept sentences short, clear, and with explanations for new concepts so itâs easier for young learners to follow, while still including both famous facts and lesser-known stories. âž» Isaac Newton: The Man Who Changed the Way We See the World A Boy from a Small Village Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe, a small village in England. His life was not easy. His father died before he was born. When he was just a few months old, his mother remarried and left him to live with his grandmother. Isaac missed his parents, but he kept himself busy by making things and exploring the world around him. As a child, Isaac liked to build models and machines. He made a small windmill that could turn with the wind. He built a water clock that told the time by dripping water into a container. He even made a sundial â a clock that tells the time by using the shadow of the sun. đĄ Did you know? The sundial marks that Isaac carved as a boy can still be seen today on the wall of his old house. âž» School and Curiosity When Newton first went to school, he was not the top student. At first, he did not pay much attention in class. But one day, another boy teased him for not being smart. Newton decided to study hard to prove him wrong. Soon, he became the best in his class. Isaac loved asking questions. He wanted to know how and why things happened. He enjoyed watching the stars at night and thinking about how the world worked. âž» The Falling Apple and Gravity One of the most famous stories about Newton is the falling apple. One afternoon, Isaac sat in his motherâs garden and saw an apple drop from a tree. This made him think: âWhy does the apple fall straight down? Why doesnât it fly up into the sky?â From this question, Newton began to think about gravity â an invisible force that pulls objects toward each other. Gravity is what keeps our feet on the ground. Itâs also what keeps the Moon moving around the Earth and the planets moving around the Sun. đĄ Fun fact: The apple did not hit Newtonâs head. Thatâs just a story people made up later to make the tale more exciting. âž» Newtonâs Three Laws of Motion Newton studied movement and wrote three important rules: 1. Objects stay still or keep moving unless something makes them change. âą Example: A ball will not roll unless you push it. 2. The bigger the push, the bigger the movement. âą Example: If you kick a ball harder, it will go faster and farther. 3. Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. âą Example: When you jump off a boat, the boat moves backward as you move forward. These three laws are still used today to understand how cars, rockets, and even roller coasters work. âž» Discoveries in Light and Color Newton also studied light. He found that white light is not just one color â it is made of many colors. He used a glass prism to split sunlight into a rainbow. This helped scientists understand how colors work. âž» Inventions and New Ideas Newton made a special telescope that used mirrors instead of lenses. This type of telescope made images of planets and stars much clearer. It is still called the Newtonian telescope today. He also worked in mathematics and helped create a new type of math called calculus, which is used to study changes and movement. âž» Strange Experiments Newton was so curious that he sometimes tested ideas on himself. Once, he put a thin needle, called a bodkin, beside his eye to see how it would change his vision. It was very dangerous, but luckily he did not go blind. đĄ Did you know? Newton also studied alchemy â an old kind of science where people tried to turn metal into gold. He never succeeded, but it showed how wide his interests were. âž» Later Life and Work At the age of 27, Newton became a professor at Cambridge University. He later worked for the Royal Mint, making sure coins were made safely and stopping people from making fake money. He was very strict, and some criminals were sent to prison because of his work. Newton never married. He spent most of his life reading, writing, and doing experiments. âž» The End of His Life Isaac Newton died in 1727 at the age of 84. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, a famous place in London where great people of Britain are honored. His work changed the world forever. Even today, scientists, engineers, and students still use Newtonâs laws and ideas. đŹ Newton once said: âIf I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.â This means we can make new discoveries by learning from the work of others who came before us. give 10 questions to each passage with PISA literacy standard for kid 10 years, 1. Nikola Tesla: The Man Who Dreamed of Lightning Born: July 10, 1856 Died: January 7, 1943 When Nikola Tesla was a boy in Croatia, he saw a flash of lightning and asked his mother, âCan we catch the light?â That question never left him. As he grew older, Tesla became a brilliant inventor, especially fascinated by electricity. He believed in a future where energy could be sent wirelessly through the airâlike music through the radio! Tesla invented the alternating current (AC) system, which became the foundation of modern electricity. At the time, Thomas Edison promoted direct current (DC), and the two men had a fierce competition. Many laughed at Tesla's bold ideas, but he never gave up. He dreamed of wireless communication, flying machines, and even free energy for everyone. Though he died alone and poor, today the world honors his vision. Think About It: Why do you think people didnât believe Tesla at first? What can we learn from Teslaâs courage to dream big? 2. Charles Darwin: The Man Who Studied the Worldâs Weirdest Creatures Born: February 12, 1809 Died: April 19, 1882 When young Charles Darwin got on a ship called HMS Beagle, he didnât know he would change science forever. He sailed around the world for five years, collecting plants, animals, and fossils. On the GalĂĄpagos Islands, he noticed something curious: finches had different beaks depending on their island. Why? Darwinâs observations led him to write the theory of evolution by natural selection. It explained how animals adapt and survive. But his ideas shocked many people because they seemed to challenge religious beliefs. Despite the controversy, Darwin continued his work. His book On the Origin of Species changed how we see life on Earth. Think About It: Should scientists share their ideas even if they go against what others believe? How did traveling help Darwin make new discoveries? 3. Marie Curie: The Woman Who Glowed in the Dark Born: November 7, 1867 Died: July 4, 1934 Marie Curie was born in Poland at a time when girls were not allowed to study science. But that didnât stop her. She moved to France, worked day and night, and discovered radioactivity, a powerful energy hidden inside atoms. She and her husband, Pierre Curie, found two new elements: polonium and radium. She became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and the only person to win in two different sciences: physics and chemistry. Even when Pierre died in an accident, Marie continued their work. Her discoveries helped doctors treat cancerâbut working with radioactive materials also harmed her health. She died from radiation exposure, but her legacy lives on. Think About It: What challenges did Marie Curie face as a woman in science? Why is it important to balance discovery with safety? 4. Galileo Galilei: The Star Watcher Who Defied the Church Born: February 15, 1564 Died: January 8, 1642 Galileo loved looking at the stars. He built one of the first powerful telescopes and made stunning discoveries: mountains on the Moon, moons around Jupiter, and that the Earth orbits the Sunânot the other way around. This idea, called heliocentrism, went against the teachings of the Church. He was put on trial and forced to say he was wrong. But he wasnât. He spent his last years under house arrest, quietly writing. Today, Galileo is called the father of modern science for daring to question what others blindly believed. Think About It: Why do you think Galileo was punished for telling the truth? Should science always follow evidence, even if it goes against powerful beliefs? 5. Isaac Newton: The Man Who Asked âWhy?â When an Apple Fell Born: January 4, 1643 Died: March 31, 1727 One day, an apple fell from a tree, and Isaac Newton began to wonder: Why did it fall down, not sideways or up? This simple question led to his theory of gravity. Newton also invented calculus, described the laws of motion, and changed physics forever. But Newton wasnât just a geniusâhe was curious, quiet, and often worked alone. He believed everything in nature followed rules, and it was our job to discover them. Thanks to him, we understand how planets move, how rockets launch, and why you fall when you trip. Think About It: How did Newtonâs curiosity lead to great discoveries? Do you think working alone helped or hurt Newton? 6. Ada Lovelace: The First Computer Programmer Before Computers Existed Born: December 10, 1815 Died: November 27, 1852 Ada Lovelace was the daughter of the famous poet Lord Byron, but she didnât love poetryâshe loved numbers! At a time when girls were expected to sew, Ada studied mathematics. She met Charles Babbage, who designed an early computer called the Analytical Engine. Ada imagined the machine could do more than just mathâit could create music, art, and even write! She wrote what is now considered the first computer program, long before real computers were built. Think About It: How did Ada imagine something that didnât exist yet? Why do we call her a pioneer in technology? 7. Albert Einstein: The Man Who Brought Time and Space Together Born: March 14, 1879 Died: April 18, 1955 Albert Einstein wasnât always a good student. In fact, his teachers thought he was slow. But Einstein thought deeply. He asked big questions like, âWhat if you could ride a beam of light?â His theories of relativity changed how we see space, time, and gravity. He also warned the world about the dangers of nuclear weapons, even though his ideas helped create them. Einstein believed science should help people, not harm them. With his messy hair, kind smile, and brilliant mind, he remains a symbol of genius. Think About It: Can someone be bad in school but still be brilliant? Should scientists be responsible for how their inventions are used? 8. Pythagoras: The Musician Who Loved Math Born: Around 570 BC Died: Around 495 BC Long ago in ancient Greece, Pythagoras believed the universe followed numbers. He discovered the Pythagorean Theorem, a rule about triangles that helps us build houses, design computers, and navigate space. He also believed that music had math inside itâthat certain notes made perfect harmony because of mathematical ratios. Pythagoras started a secret school and taught his students to search for truth through numbers, shapes, and sound. Think About It: Why do you think Pythagoras saw math in everything? How does music relate to math? 9. Rosalind Franklin: The Woman Behind the DNA Discovery Born: July 25, 1920 Died: April 16, 1958 Rosalind Franklin loved looking closely at things. She used a special machine called X-ray crystallography to photograph molecules. One of her greatest photos, called Photo 51, showed the shape of DNA, the molecule that carries lifeâs instructions. But her work was taken without credit. Two men, Watson and Crick, used her photo to build their famous model of DNA and won the Nobel Prize. Rosalind died young and never knew how important her work became. Think About It: Why is it important to give credit in science? What can we learn from Rosalindâs quiet strength? 10. Carl Linnaeus: The Man Who Gave Names to Everything Born: May 23, 1707 Died: January 10, 1778 Have you ever wondered why a tiger is called Panthera tigris? Thatâs thanks to Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish scientist who created a way to name and organize every living thing. His system is still used today in biology. Linnaeus loved nature and spent his life collecting plants, animals, and even rocks. He believed that by organizing life, we could better understand it. Thanks to him, we now have a global âdictionary of nature.â Think About It: Why is it important to name and organize living things? How does order help us understand the world?Ideas for more sustainable cities In 2020. over 56% of the world s population lived in urbon arcos. Cities are becoming more and more popular. But why isn't rural life as attractive as city life? The main reasons include work. lifestyle education and Sea th in cities there ore more fun things to see and do, like art galleries, concert hails and sports stadiums, There are a so better hospitals, transport na anueners However, as cities become more overcrowded, they get more polluted. For this reason, urban residents want to make their cities more sustainable. But how? Here are five ways: 1 New York's Central Pork is an island of green in a forest of skyscrapers. City parks like these provide people with a peaceful ploce to connect with nature. and o quiet area for exercise. 2 The moming and evering tush hours lare the busest times in the city. When people commute* to and from work or school, they need frequent, fast public transport, like trams and underground troins. Transport should also be as cheap as possible - and accessible to those with less mobility, like older people or wheelchair users. 3 Cities need pleasant places for people to meet and so shopping. So they should have more pedestr on zones, like in Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen has the world's longest pedestrion street. It's almost 3.2 km long! Pedeston aones encourage ' people to go shopping on foot, instead of driving to shopping malls. 4 1 kes are often the quickest and most susta nable. way to get around, but mony city streets are frenetic and dangerous. Sa susto nable cities have cycle paths, as well as public bikes ond e scooters. They alto have hybrid buses and lots of car charging points. 55 Cities need to encourage residents to care about the environment, with fun ecological exhibitions" and events. The Supertree Gardens in Singapore are amazing, ver fal botanic gardens. They are 50 metres high and the /se solor energy. Eco-festivols - lIke Terroformo in Milan, Italy, and the Secret Solstice in Reykjavik, Iceland - use solar and geothermol energy. They're some of the most sustoinable festiois in the wortdLe vieillissement est lâensemble des processus physiologiques et psychologiques qui modifient la structure et les fonctions de lâorganisme Ă partir de lâĂąge mĂ»r. Il rĂ©sulte des effets combinĂ©s de facteurs gĂ©nĂ©tiques et environnementaux auxquels est soumis lâorganisme tout au long de sa vie. Il sâagit dâun processus lent et progressif qui est la consĂ©quence de lâaction du temps sur les fonctions de lâorganisme. La sĂ©nescence est le processus de vieillissement biologique, la suite des changements irrĂ©versibles dans un organisme qui conduisent Ă la mort. Ce processus physiologique dĂ©bute aprĂšs la phase de maturitĂ© et se traduit par la dĂ©gradation progressive et inĂ©luctable des fonctions vitales : reproduction, motricitĂ©, systĂšme immunitaire, etc. La sĂ©nilitĂ© est la dĂ©tĂ©rioration pathologique (liĂ©e Ă une maladie) des facultĂ©s physiques et mentales dâun individu ĂągĂ©. Il existe trois modalitĂ©s diffĂ©rentes de vieillissement : le vieillissement rĂ©ussi, avec une absence ou une atteinte minime des fonctions physiologiques et une absence de pathologies ; le vieillissement habituel, avec des atteintes considĂ©rĂ©es comme physiologiques, liĂ©es Ă lâĂąge, de certaines fonctions, mais sans pathologies invalidantes ; le vieillissement pathologique liĂ© Ă des maladies sĂ©vĂšres Ă©volutives ou compliquĂ©es et responsable le plus souvent dâune dĂ©pendance importante. Ă ces trois notions, il est important dâajouter la notion de fragilitĂ© qui correspond Ă un Ă©tat dâĂ©quilibre prĂ©caire avec lâimpossibilitĂ© de rĂ©pondre de façon adaptĂ©e Ă un stress quâil soit mĂ©dical, psychologique ou social. AprĂšs 65 ans, 10 Ă 20% des personnes peuvent ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©es comme fragiles et jusquâĂ 50% aprĂšs 85 ans. Il sâagit de personnes Ă haut risque dâhospitalisation, dâinstitutionnalisation et de dĂ©cĂšs. Les psychologues dĂ©crivent 5 grands types de personnalitĂ© liĂ©s au vieillissement, plus ou moins prĂ©sents chez chacun : le mature est actif, tolĂ©rant et il sâadapte parfaitement Ă son Ă©volution ; le pantouflard est passif, indulgent envers lui-mĂȘme et il utilise son Ăąge pour valoriser son inactivitĂ© ; le blindĂ© est mentalement rigide, il a peur de la dĂ©chĂ©ance et sâenferme dans ses souvenirs de jeunesse ; le mĂ©content est amer, intolĂ©rant et pessimiste, anxieux face Ă la mort ; il en veut au monde entier de son Ă©tat et de ses Ă©checs ; le dĂ©prĂ©ciĂ© est dĂ©pressif, insatisfait de sa vie, sans estime de soi et envahi de regrets sur le passĂ© ; il envisage la mort comme une dĂ©livrance ou une finalitĂ©. La solitude a un effet important sur la santĂ©. Si nous comparons des personnes ĂągĂ©es qui conservent un vaste rĂ©seau de relations sociales Ă dâautres qui sont isolĂ©es, ces derniĂšres auraient un risque supĂ©rieur de mort prĂ©maturĂ©e. Parler et Ă©changer avec les autres est essentiel au bien-ĂȘtre. Stimuler la mĂ©moire dâune personne ĂągĂ©e lui permettra de conserver son autonomie et de retarder la dĂ©pendance. Pour rester en forme, le cerveau doit travailler de maniĂšre complĂšte. Plusieurs activitĂ©s peuvent donc permettre Ă la personne dĂ©pendante de garder une bonne mĂ©moire le plus longtemps possible : tenir un agenda, rĂ©diger un journal, jouer Ă des jeux ou encore pratiquer des activitĂ©s de crĂ©ation. Pour stimuler lâactivitĂ© sociale dâune personne ĂągĂ©e, faire des rencontres est le meilleur moyen de rester en forme : rencontrer des personnes, poursuivre les activitĂ©s quâon aime, se servir du tĂ©lĂ©phone et mĂȘme dâinternet si possible. Il y a des personnes ĂągĂ©es qui ne parlent Ă personne pendant des semaines. Pour dâautres, le contact se limite aux relations avec les caissiĂšres des supermarchĂ©s. Avec lâĂąge, certains de nos aĂźnĂ©s sont murĂ©s dans le silence. Pas par choix. Mais parce que les liens familiaux se sont distendus ou nâexistent plus. Ils se retrouvent alors seuls, sans Ă©change, sans partage et sans affection. Un des grands dĂ©fis Ă relever pour lâavenir est la lutte contre la solitude des personnes ĂągĂ©es. Il faut savoir que la solitude est dĂ©sormais considĂ©rĂ©e comme un facteur de risque de la maladie dâAlzheimer. Lutter contre la solitude, câest prĂ©venir lâexclusion, la pauvretĂ© et la perte dâautonomie. Quel est le secret pour prĂ©server son corps malgrĂ© les annĂ©es ? Un peu dâactivitĂ© physique et des repas Ă©quilibrĂ©s ! Pour lutter contre lâapparition des rides ou la chute des cheveux et conserver ses capacitĂ©s physiques et cognitives, mieux vaut surveiller son assiette. Inutile dâaller chercher des produits miracles pour rester jeune : il faut commencer par manger mieux! Car en fonction des aliments quâon choisit, on prĂ©serve son capital santĂ© et on garde la forme durant de longues annĂ©es. Les problĂšmes alimentaires spĂ©cifiques au vieillissement apparaissent Ă des Ăąges variables et sont beaucoup plus marquĂ©s aprĂšs 85 ans. Une bonne nutrition a un rĂŽle de prĂ©vention de mieux en mieux connu sur les pathologies liĂ©es Ă lâĂąge. Un bon rĂ©gime pour un senior comprend beaucoup de fruits et de lĂ©gumes, du pain, du riz, des pĂątes et des fibres. Il ne faut pas oublier le poisson, surtout le thon, le saumon et les sardines, et limiter les viandes rouges, en prĂ©fĂ©rant le poulet, la dinde ou le lapin. Il faut aussi rĂ©duire le sel et le sucre, et tous les aliments riches en graisses comme les frites, les fritures ou les gĂąteaux. Lâeau est trĂšs importante, mais on peut aussi boire du thĂ©, des jus de fruits sans sucre ou du lait Ă©crĂ©mĂ© ou demi â Ă©crĂ©mĂ©. Il faut aussi de la vitamine D pour garder les os en bonne santĂ©. On peut la trouver dans le poisson, la margarine et les cĂ©rĂ©ales du petit dĂ©jeuner. Le corps produit tout seul la vitamine D quand il est exposĂ© au soleil, il est donc conseillĂ© de profiter du soleil de temps en temps avec de la protection pour aider le corps Ă produire cette vitamine. Ătape naturelle de la vie dâune femme, la mĂ©nopause mĂ©rite quelques attentions sur le plan nutritionnel Ă cause de la modification du statut hormonal. Beaucoup de femmes prennent du poids Ă la cinquantaine. Souvent tout simplement parce que leur mode de vie change, avec moins de dĂ©penses physiques et plus de temps pour apprĂ©cier les plaisirs de la table ! Mais aussi parce que les transformations hormonales de la mĂ©nopause vont favoriser la mise en rĂ©serve de graisses. Le premier antidote contre ce risque de surpoids est une activitĂ© physique suffisante et, en complĂ©ment, une alimentation allĂ©gĂ©e grĂące Ă lâĂ©limination des calories «inutiles». Ă Ă©viter ou Ă consommer avec beaucoup de modĂ©ration : les boissons sucrĂ©es comme les sodas, les bonbons, les biscuits salĂ©s ou sucrĂ©s, lâalcool sous toutes ses formes, les glaces et les pĂątisseries, les plats riches en graisses, les frites et les fritures, les sauces classiques, la mayonnaise, les sauces barbecue et tous les laitages au lait entier. Les modifications hormonales et la diminution de lâactivitĂ© physique ont Ă©galement pour consĂ©quence une âfonteâ progressive de la masse musculaire. Pour lutter contre ce phĂ©nomĂšne, il y a une seule solution : bouger !THE Secret Garden THE SECRET GARDEN EXAM 1 ESOThe Secret Garden ELA.7.L.C15.1