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Thema 6.1 - 6.3 leerjaar 2 havo/vwo
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Lernplan fĂźr das selbstständige Lernen zum Kapitel: âWĂśrter-Werkstattâ Name: ________________________________ Erledige die folgenden Aufgaben im selbstständigen Lernen! Gib diesen Plan bis ___________ bei deiner Lehrperson ab. Dir stehen fĂźr die Bearbeitung dieses Plans insgesamt _____ Stunden zur VerfĂźgung. Die folgenden AbkĂźrzungen und Symbole helfen dir: ďź = Aufgabe vollständig erledigt tw = Aufgabe teilweise erledigt SK = Hier sollst du die Selbstkontrolle mit der LĂśsung im Buch durchfĂźhren! PK = Hier kontrolliert eine Partnerin oder ein Partner, wie du die Aufgabe gelĂśst hast. LK = Hier kontrolliert deine Lehrperson, wie du die Aufgabe gelĂśst hast. = Zusatz; erledige diese Zusatzaufgabe, wenn bereits alle Pflichtaufgaben fertig sind und du noch Zeit hast. = Die Audios zu den HĂśrbeispielen findest du im E-Book oder in der MEDIATHEK. = Bei diesen Aufgaben handelt es sich um anspruchsvollere Aufgaben, so genannte Expertenaufgaben. = Bei diesen Aufgaben besprichst du etwas mit einer Lernpartnerin/einem Lernpartner. = Zu diesem Thema kannst du dir ein Erklärvideo anschauen. Tipp: Haltet eure Ergebniskontrollen in der jeweiligen Spalte mit Ergebnis und Unterschrift fest! z.B.: U.PA.: Fabian H. U.PA.: = Unterschrift Lernpartnerin/Lernpartner U.L.: = Unterschrift Lehrperson Seite 10: WĂśrter-Werkstatt Aufgabe erledigt (am) Kontrolle/ Anmerkung Lehrerkontrolle/ Anmerkung Lies den Text zum Einstieg des Kapitels auf Seite 10. Schätze dich anschlieĂend mit der Tabelle âStartklar?â ein. 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Lass dich von einer Lernpartnerin oder einem Lernpartner dazu abfragen. ď PK U.PA.: LĂśse Ăbung 14 im Buch. ď SK â Seite 15 â 16: Pronomen (FĂźrwort) und Präposition (Vorwort) Aufgabe erledigt (am) Kontrolle/ Anmerkung Lehrerkontrolle/ Anmerkung Lies die Lernbox zu den Pronomen. Du kannst dir auch das Lernvideo dazu ansehen. Lass dich von deiner Lehrperson oder einer Lernpartnerin/einem Lernpartner Ăźber die Arten der Pronomen abfragen. ď PK/LK U.PA.: U.L.: LĂśse Ăbung 15 im Buch. ď SK Erledige Ăbung 16 im Buch. ď SK Studiere die Lernbox zu den Präpositionen. Du kannst dir auch das Lernvideo dazu ansehen. Erledige dann Ăbung 17 im Buch. ď SK Erledige Ăbung 18 im Heft. ď LK U.L.: Seite 16: Konjunktion (Bindewort) und Interjektion (Ausrufewort) Aufgabe erledigt (am) Kontrolle/ Anmerkung Lehrerkontrolle/ Anmerkung Lies die Lernbox zu den Konjunktionen aufmerksam. LĂśse Ăbung 19 im Buch. ď SK Seite 17: Wortarten bestimmen Aufgabe erledigt (am) Kontrolle/ Anmerkung Lehrerkontrolle/ Anmerkung LĂśse Ăbung 20 im Buch. ď SK Bearbeite Ăbung 21 im Heft. ď LK U.L.: LĂśse Ăbung 22 im Buch. ď SK LĂśse Ăbung 23 im Buch. ď SK Erledige Ăbung 24 im Buch. ď SK LĂśse Ăbung 25 im Buch. ď SK â Seite 18: Zielsicher! Aufgabe erledigt (am) Kontrolle/ Anmerkung Lehrerkontrolle/ Anmerkung Nun ist das Kapitel fast geschafft. Blättere zurĂźck auf Seite 10 und schätze dich mittels Tabelle selbst ein. LĂśse alle Aufgaben der Zielsicher-Seite. FĂźhre die Selbstkontrolle durch und besprich deine Ergebnisse mit deiner Lehrperson. ď LK Stimmen die tatsächlichen Ergebnisse mit deiner Selbsteinschätzung Ăźberein? U.L.:THE FIDE LAWS OF CHESS. Introduction FIDE Laws of Chess cover over-the-board play. The Laws of Chess have two parts: 1. Basic Rules of Play and 2. Competitive Rules of Play. The English text is the authentic version of the Laws of Chess (which were adopted at the 93rd FIDE Congress at Chennai, India) coming into force on 1 January 2023. Preface. The Laws of Chess cannot cover all possible situations that may arise during a game, nor can they regulate all administrative questions. Where cases are not precisely regulated by an Article of the Laws, it should be possible to reach a correct decision by studying analogous situations which are regulated in the Laws. The Laws assume that arbiters have the necessary competence, sound judgement and absolute objectivity. Too detailed a rule might deprive the arbiter of his/her freedom of judgement and thus prevent him/her from finding a solution to a problem dictated by fairness, logic and special factors. FIDE appeals to all chess players and federations to accept this view. A necessary condition for a game to be rated by FIDE is that it shall be played according to the FIDE Laws of Chess. It is recommended that competitive games not rated by FIDE be played according to the FIDE Laws of Chess. Member federations may ask FIDE to give a ruling on matters relating to the Laws of Chess. BASIC RULES OF PLAY. Article 1: The Nature and Objectives of the Game of Chess 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 The game of chess is played between two opponents who move their pieces on a square board called a âchessboardâ. The player with the light-coloured pieces (White) makes the first move, then the players move alternately, with the player with the dark-coloured pieces (Black) making the next move. A player is said to âhave the moveâ when his/her opponentâs move has been âmadeâ. The objective of each player is to place the opponentâs king âunder attackâ in such a way that the opponent has no legal move. 1.4.1 The player who achieves this goal is said to have âcheckmatedâ the opponentâs king and to have won the game. Leaving oneâs own king under attack, exposing oneâs own king to attack and also âcapturingâ the opponentâs king is not allowed. 1.4.2 The opponent whose king has been checkmated has lost the game. 1.5 If the position is such that neither player can possibly checkmate the opponentâs king, the game is drawn (see Article 5.2.2). Article 2: The Initial Position of the Pieces on the Chessboard 2.1 2.2 The chessboard is composed of an 8 x 8 grid of 64 equal squares alternately light (the âwhiteâ squares) and dark (the âblackâ squares). The chessboard is placed between the players in such a way that the near corner square to the right of the player is white. At the beginning of the game White has 16 light-coloured pieces (the âwhiteâ pieces); Black has 16 dark-coloured pieces (the âblackâ pieces). These pieces are as follows: A white king usually indicated by the symbol K A white queen Two white rooks Two white bishops Two white knights Eight white pawns A black king A black queen Two black rooks Two black bishops Two black knights Eight black pawns usually indicated by the symbol Q usually indicated by the symbol R usually indicated by the symbol B usually indicated by the symbol N usually indicated by the symbol usually indicated by the symbol K usually indicated by the symbol Q usually indicated by the symbol R usually indicated by the symbol B usually indicated by the symbol N usually indicated by the symbol Staunton Pieces p Q K B N R 9 2.3 The initial position of the pieces on the chessboard is as follows: 2.4 The eight vertical columns of squares are called âfilesâ. The eight horizontal rows of squares are called âranksâ. A straight line of squares of the same colour, running from one edge of the board to an adjacent edge, is called a âdiagonalâ. Article 3: The Moves of the Pieces 3.1 It is not permitted to move a piece to a square occupied by a piece of the same colour. 3.1.1 If a piece moves to a square occupied by an opponentâs piece the latter is captured and removed from the chessboard as part of the same move. 3.1.2 A piece is said to attack an opponentâs piece if the piece could make a capture on that square according to Articles 3.2 to 3.8. 3.1.3 A piece is considered to attack a square even if this piece is constrained from moving to that square because it would then leave or place the king of its own colour under attack. 3.2 The bishop may move to any square along a diagonal on which it stands. 3.3 The rook may move to any square along the file or the rank on which it stands. 3.4 The queen may move to any square along the file, the rank or a diagonal on which it stands. 3.5 3.6 3.7 When making these moves, the bishop, rook or queen may not move over any intervening pieces. The knight may move to one of the squares nearest to that on which it stands but not on the same rank, file or diagonal. 3.7 When making these moves, the bishop, rook or queen may not move over any intervening pieces. The knight may move to one of the squares nearest to that on which it stands but not on the same rank, file or diagonal. The pawn: 3.7.1 The pawn may move forward to the square immediately in front of it on the same file, provided that this square is unoccupied, or 3.7.2 on its first move the pawn may move as in 3.7.1 or alternatively it may advance two squares along the same file, provided that both squares are unoccupied, or 3.7.3 the pawn may move to a square occupied by an opponentâs piece diagonally in front of it on an adjacent file, capturing that piece. 3.7.3.1 A pawn occupying a square on the same rank as and on an adjacent file to an opponentâs pawn which has just advanced two squares in one move from its original square may capture this opponentâs pawn as though the latter had been moved only one square. 3.7.3.2 This capture is only legal on the move following this advance and is called an âen passantâ capture. 3.7.3.3 When a player, having the move, plays a pawn to the rank furthest from its starting position, he/she must exchange that pawn as part of the same move for a new queen, rook, bishop or knight of the same colour on the intended square of arrival. This is called the square of âpromotionâ. 3.7.3.4 The player's choice is not restricted to pieces that have been captured previously. 3.7.3.5 This exchange of a pawn for another piece is called promotion, and the effect of the new piece is immediate. 3.8 There are two different ways of moving the king: 3.8.1 by moving to an adjoining square. 3.8.2 by âcastlingâ. This is a move of the king and either rook of the same colour along the playerâs first rank, counting as a single move of the king and executed as follows: the king is transferred from its original square two squares towards the rook on its original square, then that rook is transferred to the square the king has just crossed. 3.8.2.1 The right to castle has been lost: 3.8.2.1.1 If the king has already moved, or 3.8.2.1.2 With a rook that has already moved. 3.8.2.2 Castling is prevented temporarily: 3.8.2.2.1 if the square on which the king stands, or the square which it must cross, or the square which it is to occupy, is attacked by one or more of the opponent's pieces, or 3.8.2.2.2 if there is any piece between the king and the rook with which castling is to be effected. 3.9 The king in check: 3.9.1 The king is said to be 'in check' if it is attacked by one or more of the opponent's pieces, even if such pieces are constrained from moving to the square occupied by the king because they would then leave or place their own king in check. 3.9.2 No piece can be moved that will either expose the king of the same colour to check or leave that king in check. 3.10 Legal and illegal moves; illegal positions: 3.10.1 A move is legal when all the relevant requirements of Articles 3.1 â 3.9 have been fulfilled. 3.10.2 A move is illegal when it fails to meet the relevant requirements of Articles 3.1 â3.9. 3.10.3 A position is illegal when it cannot have been reached by any series of legal moves. Article 4: The Act of Moving the Pieces 4.1 4.2 Each move must be played with one hand only. Adjusting the pieces or other physical contact with a piece: 4.2.1 Only the player having the move may adjust one or more pieces on their squares, provided that he/she first expresses his/her intention (for example by saying âjâadoubeâ or âI adjustâ). 4.2.2 Any other physical contact with a piece, except for clearly accidental contact, shall be considered to be intent. 4.3 Except as provided in Article 4.2.1, if the player having the move touches on the chessboard, with the intention of moving or capturing: 4.3.1 one or more of his/her own pieces, he/she must move the first piece touched that can be moved. 4.3.2 one or more of his/her opponentâs pieces, he/she must capture the first piece touched that can be captured. 4.3.3 one or more pieces of each colour, he/she must capture the first touched opponentâs piece with his/her first touched piece or, if this is illegal, move or capture the first piece touched that can be moved or captured. If it is unclear whether the playerâs own piece or his/her opponentâs was touched first, the playerâs own piece shall be considered to have been touched before his/her opponentâs. 4.4 If a player having the move: 4.4.1 touches his/her king and a rook he/she must castle on that side if it is legal to do so 4.4.2 deliberately touches a rook and then his/her king he/she is not allowed to castle on that side on that move and the situation shall be governed by Article 4.3.1. 4.4.3 intending to castle, touches the king and then a rook, but castling with this rook is illegal, the player must make another legal move with his/her king (which may include castling with the other rook). If the king has no legal move, the player is free to make any legal move. 4.4.4 promotes a pawn, the choice of the piece is finalised when the piece has touched the square of promotion. 4.5 4.6 If none of the pieces touched in accordance with Article 4.3 or Article 4.4 can be moved or captured, the player may make any legal move. The act of promotion may be performed in various ways: 4.6.1 the pawn does not have to be placed on the square of arrival. 4.6.2 removing the pawn and putting the new piece on the square of promotion may occur in any order. 4.6.3 If an opponentâs piece stands on the square of promotion, it must be captured. 4.7 When, as a legal move or part of a legal move, a piece has been released on a square, it cannot be moved to another square on this move. The move is considered to have been made in the case of: 4.7.1 A capture, when the captured piece has been removed from the chessboard and the player, having placed his/her own piece on its new square, has released this capturing piece from his/her hand. 4.7.2 Castling, when the player's hand has released the rook on the square previously crossed by the king. When the player has released the king from his/her hand, the move is not yet made, but the player no longer has the right to make any move other than castling on that side, if this is legal. If castling on this side is illegal, the player must make another legal move with his/her king (which may include castling with the other rook). If the king has no legal move, the player is free to make any legal move. 4.7.3 Promotion, when the player's hand has released the new piece on the square of promotion and the pawn has been removed from the board. 4.8 4.9 A player forfeits his/her right to claim against his/her opponentâs violation of Articles 4.1 â 4.7 once the player touches a piece with the intention of moving or capturing it. 4.8. A player forfeits his/her right to claim against his/her opponentâs violation of Articles 4.1 â 4.7 .4.9. If a player is unable to move the pieces, an assistant, who shall be acceptable to the arbiter, may be provided by the player to perform this operation. Article 5: The Completion of the Game 5.1.1 The game is won by the player who has checkmated his/her opponentâs king. This immediately ends the game, provided that the move producing the checkmate position was in accordance with Article 3 and Articles 4.2 â 4.7. 5.1.2 The game is lost by the player who declares he/she resigns (this immediately ends the game), unless the position is such that the opponent cannot checkmate the playerâs king by any possible series of legal moves. In this case the result of the game is a draw. 5.2.1 The game is drawn when the player to move has no legal move and his/her king is not in check. The game is said to end in âstalemateâ. This immediately ends the game, provided that the move producing the stalemate position was in accordance with Article 3 and Articles 4.2 â 4.7. 5.2.2 The game is drawn when a position has arisen in which neither player can checkmate the opponentâs king with any series of legal moves. The game is said to end in a âdead positionâ. This immediately ends the game, provided that the move producing the position was in accordance with Article 3 and Articles 4.2 â 4.7. 5.2.3 The game is drawn upon agreement between the two players during the game, provided both players have made at least one move. This immediately ends the game. COMPETITIVE RULES OF PLAY Article 6: The Chessclock 6.1 âChessclockâ means a clock with two time displays, connected to each other in such a way that only one of them can run at a time. âClockâ in the Laws of Chess means one of the two time displays. Each time display has a âflagâ. âFlag-fallâ means the expiration of the allotted time for a player. 6.2 Handling the chessclock: 6.2.1 During the game each player, having made his/her move on the chessboard, shall pause his/her own clock and start his/her opponentâs clock (that is to say, he/she shall press his/her clock). This âcompletesâ the move. A move is also completed if: 6.2.1.1 6.2.1.2 the move ends the game (see Articles 5.1.1, 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 9.2.1, 9.6.1 and 9.6.2), or the player has made his/her next move, when his/her previous move was not completed. 6.2.2 A player must be allowed to pause his/her clock after making his/her move, even after the opponent has made his/her next move. The time between making the move on the chessboard and pressing the clock is regarded as part of the time allotted to the player. 6.2.3 A player must press his/her clock with the same hand with which he/she made his/her move. It is forbidden for a player to keep his/her finger on the clock or to âhoverâ over it. 6.2.4 The players must handle the chessclock properly. It is forbidden to press it forcibly, to pick it up, to press the clock before moving or to knock it over. Improper clock handling shall be penalised in accordance with Article 12.9. 6.2.5 6.2.6 Only the player whose clock is running is allowed to adjust the pieces. If a player is unable to use the clock, an assistant, who must be acceptable to the arbiter, may be provided by the player to perform this operation. His/Her clock shall be adjusted by the arbiter in an equitable way. This adjustment of the clock shall not apply to the clock of a player with a disability. 6.3 Allotted time: 6.3.1 When using a chessclock, each player must complete a minimum number of moves or all moves in an allotted period of time including any additional amount of time added with each move. All these must be specified in advance. 6.3.2 The time saved by a player during one period is added to his/her time available for the next period, where applicable. In the time-delay mode both players receive an allotted âmain thinking timeâ. Each player also receives a âfixed extra timeâ with every move. The countdown of the main thinking time only commences after the fixed extra time has expired. Provided the player presses his/her clock before the expiration of the fixed extra time, the main thinking time does not change, irrespective of the proportion of the fixed extra time used. 6.4 Immediately after a flag falls, the requirements of Article 6.3.1 must be checked. 6.5 Before the start of the game the arbiter shall decide where the chessclock is placed. 6.6 At the time determined for the start of the game Whiteâs clock is started.6.7. Default time: 6.7.1 The regulations of an event shall specify a default time in advance. If the default time is not specified, then it is zero. Any player who arrives at the chessboard after the default time shall lose the game unless the arbiter decides otherwise. 6.7.2 If the regulations of an event specify that the default time is not zero and if neither player is present initially, White shall lose all the time that elapses until he/she arrives, unless the regulations of an event specify, or the arbiter decides otherwise. 6.8 A flag is considered to have fallen when the arbiter observes the fact or when either player has made a valid claim to that effect. 6.9 Except where one of Articles 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.2.3 applies, if a player does not complete the prescribed number of moves in the allotted time, the game is lost by that player. However, the game is drawn if the position is such that the opponent cannot checkmate the playerâs king by any possible series of legal moves. 6.10 Chessclock setting: 6.10.1 Every indication given by the chessclock is considered to be conclusive in the absence of any evident defect. A chessclock with an evident defect shall be replaced by the arbiter, who shall use his/her best judgement when determining the times to be shown on the replacement chessclock. 6.10.2 If during a game it is found that the setting of either or both clocks is incorrect, either player or the arbiter shall pause the chessclock immediately. The arbiter shall install the correct setting and adjust the times and move-counter, if necessary he/she shall use his/her best judgement when determining the clock settings. 6.11.1 If the game needs to be interrupted, the arbiter shall pause the chessclock. 6.11.2 A player may pause the chessclock only in order to seek the arbiterâs assistance, for example when promotion has taken place and the piece required is not available. 6.11.3 The arbiter shall decide when the game restarts. 6.11.4 If a player pauses the chessclock in order to seek the arbiterâs assistance, the arbiter shall determine whether the player had any valid reason for doing so. If the player has no valid reason for pausing the chessclock, the player shall be penalised in accordance with Article 12.9. 6.12.1 Screens, monitors, or demonstration boards showing the current position on the chessboard, the moves and the number of moves made/completed, and clocks which also show the number of moves, are allowed in the playing hall. 6.12.2 The player may not make a claim relying only on information shown in this manner.Kelas 6 Tema 6 Subtema 1 Pembelajaran 3Make mcq quiz with 4 option in which one is correct -'10 Basis of Material Science ⢠.....;;;";;;"~~;;,,;;,,,,;.;.,,;;,,,;,,;.;,.,------------ 6. Temporary materials: Some materials are meant to be placed in the oral cavity for a short period of time for different reasons. ⢠Temporary crowns: While a permanent crown is prepared in the dental laboratory, the patient must wait for few days before it can be fabricated and cemented into place. Does patient experience any problems during this time period? If the tooth is vital (the pulp is alive), the patient is likely to experience pain and sensitivity while eating and drinking, also it looks unesthetic. What can be done to solve this problem? A temporary crown is placed before the patient leaves the clinic. It is constructed and luted in the same appointment in which the crown preparation is done. Temporary crowns are not very strong or esthetic but they serve adequately till the permanent crown is ready to be cemented. ⢠Temporary restorations: Sometimes it is difficult to decide immediately the best line of treatment for a particular tooth. The exact condition of the pulp may not be obvious to the dentist from the patient's symptoms. A dentist removes all or part of the decay and then places a temporary restoration to have time to observe the behaviour of the pulp or to give the pilip time to heal before deciding the further treatment required. Classification based on Location of Fabrication 4,9 Materials can be classified based on the location of fabrication into: ⢠Direct restorative materials. ⢠Indirect restorative materials Direct restorative materials: They include those materials which are used to restore cavity preparations directly in the oral cavity (Box 1.5). Box 1.5: Examples of direct restorative materials Amalgam, composites, glass ionomer and other materials, which set by chemical reactions in the mouth. Indirect restorative materials: It includes those restorations which must be fabricated outside the mouth, indirectly on a cast/ model/ die, because their processing condition would harm oral tissues. Materials used in the construction of such prosthesis are called indirect restorative materials (Box 1.6). Box 1.6: Examples of indirect restorative materials Gold inlays, crowns of metal, ceramic and polymers, which are processed at elevated temperatures. Some indirect composite restorations can be processed under specific wavelength of light, e.g. Ceramage. Classification based on Longevity of Use 1. Permanent restorations: These restorations are not planned to be replaced for a particular time period. Though they are referred to as permanent, actually they are not, e.g. fillings, crowns, bridges and dentures do not last forever (Fig. 1.5). 2. Temporary restorations: These restorations are planned to be replaced in a short period of time, such as few days to weeks. For ~ Permanent C/) c c -.2 0 c- :;::; Cll co Interim ~ Q; 0 .8ll::1iJ C/) o~ Cll a:: c:=:J Temporary Time period Fig. 1.5: Diagram depicting the time period of use of a restoration. (Arrow in permanent restoration depicts that such restorations are not planned to be replaced for a long period of time.) Introducton to Dental Materials Dental materials Box 1.7: Characteristics of metals 1. High thermal and electrical conductivity 2. Ductility (pure metals are very soft and they can be bent without breaking) 3. Opacity (they do not transmit light) 4. Luster (they have a surface that strongly reflects light and appears bright and shiny) 5. They tend to dissolve to some extent in water or other aqueous solutions, producing cations. 6. All metals are white (actually gray) except for gold, which is yellow, and copper, which is reddish. 7. All metals are solid at room temperature except mercury, which is liquid at room temperature and is used with silver alloys as amalgam. 8. All metals have high melting temperatures because of high strength of the metallic bond that holds the atoms together. 3. Polymers 4. Composites Composites are mixtures of two or more of the first three classes in which the different components remain distinct from one another in the final structure. A common example is composite resin. Fig. 1.7a: Three-dimensional structure of iron (metal) Metals Metals are the oldest of the three classes of materials that have been used as dental materials. Metals are characterized by metallic bonds (Box 1.7) which will be discussed in the next chapter. Metals solidify with their atoms in a regular or crystalline arrangement (see Chapter 2), often in the form of a cube (Fig. 1.7a). example, temporary fillings done in a tooth during root canal treatment, which have to be replaced within 2-4 days during subsequent visits. They are used to protect the tooth and provide function till the final restoration is done. 3. Interim restoration: At times, dental treatment requires "long-term" definite temporary restorations or "interim" restorations. For examle, a 7-year-old child, met with trauma and fractured one of his central incisors. A large composite build- up may serve his immediate requirement until the root formation is completed and a permanent crown is placed. 5 Classification based on the Chemical Nature of the Material These are the atoms that make up a material and the way they are bonded together determine the properties of that materiaLS Weak bonds make for weak materials and vice versa (Table 1.4). Materials can be classified into different categories based on their primary atomic bonds (Fig. 1.6): 1. Metals 2. Ceramics Fig. 1.6: Classification of dental materials based on chemical nature 12 Basis of Material Science Box 1.9: Benefits of ceramics in dentistry 1. Many ceramic oxides are used as pigmenting agents. These oxides produce good range of colors. Due to this characteristic, we are able to match almost any tooth color with good esthetic results. 2. They are inert, i.e. not chemically reactive. This quality provides ceramics with good bio- compatibility. 3. Ceramic materials are translucent, like natural teeth. This translucency gives the ceramic crown a more natural appearance than any other dental material. Fig. 1.7b: Internal arrangement of tetrahedral structure of ceramic (silica) four large oxygen atoms surround smaller silicon atom Ceramics A ceramic is a compound formed by the union of a metallic and a non-metallic element (Box 1.8). Most of these materials are oxides, formed by the union of oxygen with metals such as silicon, aluminum, calcium and magnesium (Fig.1.7b). Ceramics may be simple or complex. Examples of simple ceramics are alumina and silica. Examples of complex ceramics are feldspar (potassium aluminum silicate) and kaolin (hydrated aluminum silicate). Ceramics may be crystalline or non- crystalline (i.e. amorphous). Porcelain is a specific type of ceramic used extensively in dentistry (Box 1.9). Box 1.8: Characteristics of ceramics 1. High melting points. 2. Brittleness, which means they cannot be bent or deformed (no sliding) to any extent without actually cracking and breaking. 3. They are poor conductor of heat and electricity. 4. They are chemically inert. 5. They have excellent esthetic result in terms of matching natural teeth. Fig. 1.8: Stucture of synthetic polymer Polymers They are the latest addition (early to mid- 1900s) to dental materials. Most of the polymers are nowadays synthesized by humans. Polymers are giant, long-chain organic molecules (Fig. 1.8). Polymers are characterized by covalent bonds within each molecule, giving them tremendous strength in a single direction. Try to break a nylon rope by pulling it! They are poor conductors of heat and electri- city. Most polymers have a structure containing thousands of carbon atoms linked together like beads on a string. Others, such as silicone polymers are formed with silicon-oxygen bonds. Introducton to Dental Materials Table 1.4: Characteristics of different materials 13 Characteristics Bond Properties Crystal structure Metals Metallic bonding High strength and hardness, high electrical and thermal conductivity BCC, FCC, or HCP unit cells Ceramics Ionic or covalent bonding, or both High hardness and stiffness, electrically insulating, refractory, and chemically inert Crystalline or amorphous Polymers Covalent bonding Low sensitivity, high electrical resistivity, and low thermal conductivity, strength and stiffness vary widely Amorphous and crystalline Composites Composites are combinations of any of the basic ceramic, metallic and polymeric materials (Box 1.10). Each material that makes up composites is called a phase. Their properties tend to be somewhere between those of their basic constituents and are used to enhance their performance, longevity and handling chracterstics. Box 1.10: Types of composites in dentistry 1. Ceramic - metallic composite: Tungsten carbide bur. 2. Metal - polymer composite: Die materials in dental laboratory. 3. Ceramic - polymer composite: Enamel, dentin, bone and restorative composites. A composite is a kind of "combination" of materials, which compliment each other. The properties lacking in one material are compensated by those of the other material. For example, restorative composite has two phases, namely resin and fillers. Teeth and bones are examples of natural composites. Enamel is a composite of hydroxyapatite (which is a ceramic material) and protein (which is a polymer). EVALUATION OF DENTAL MATERIALS Most manufacturers of dental materials maintain a quality assurance programme (As per international standard like ADA specifications) and materials are thoroughly tested before being released into the market for dental practitioner (Fig. 1.9). Laboratory Evaluations Most ADA/ ANSI specifications involve laboratory tests. The tests performed as per these specifications are useful but they all are performed in vitro, (carried out in the laboratory away from the clinical conditions) which have a lot of limitations in clinical practice.lO Clinical Notes 1. For example, most of the direct restorative materials are tested for their compressive strength but ultimately the material is subjected to a combination of compressive, tensile and shear stresses, which may decide the final success or failure of the material under masticatory load. 2. Similarly upper dentures mostly fracture along the midline because of bending. Hence a bending or transverse strength ~B-a-s-is-o-f-M-a-t-e-ria-I-S~c-ie-n-c-e-------------- ---------. test is far more meaningful for denture base materials than a compression test. Clinical Trials The majority of new materials are subjected to extensive clinical trials normally in co-operation with a dental college or hospital departments prior to their release. CONCLUSION As the number of available materials is going up, it is important that the dentist remains more aware about new products so that their judgement about the selection of material remains successful. Materials which have not been thoroughly evaluated should be avoided, specially with clinical dentistry falling under Consumer Protection Act (CPA). I Research and development I iI Manufacturer/analysis Ideal requirements for clinical use: Thermal, optical, mechanical, chemical, biological Available materials and their properties are evaluated Launch of new I product Choice and selection of material by the dentist Critical assessment based on clinical performance I I H feedback to ITema 6 Subtema 3 Pembelajaran 1Tema 6 Subtema 3 Pembe;ajaran 1ULANGAN HARIAN KELAS 5 TEMA 6 SUB 3 PB 1Berikut adalah **10 soal teks eksposisi** untuk **Fase D (Kelas 11)**, terdiri dari pilihan ganda dan uraian. Soal mencakup aspek pemahaman, analisis, dan produksi teks. --- ### â
**Soal Pilihan Ganda (Nomor 1â6)** **Teks berikut untuk soal nomor 1â3:** > **Judul: Pentingnya Menanam Pohon di Lingkungan Sekolah** > > Menanam pohon di lingkungan sekolah bukan sekadar aktivitas penghijauan, tetapi juga bentuk tanggung jawab terhadap kelestarian lingkungan. Pohon dapat menyerap karbondioksida dan menghasilkan oksigen yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh manusia. Selain itu, pohon juga bisa menurunkan suhu udara dan menciptakan suasana sejuk di lingkungan sekolah. Oleh karena itu, kegiatan penanaman pohon sebaiknya dilakukan secara rutin dan terencana. **1. Apa tujuan penulis dalam teks eksposisi tersebut?** A. Menyindir siswa yang tidak peduli lingkungan B. Menjelaskan manfaat pohon bagi kesehatan C. Mendorong pembaca untuk menanam pohon D. Mengulas jenis-jenis pohon yang bisa ditanam **2. Pernyataan yang merupakan opini dalam teks di atas adalah...** A. Menanam pohon di sekolah bukan sekadar aktivitas penghijauan B. Pohon dapat menyerap karbondioksida C. Pohon menghasilkan oksigen yang dibutuhkan manusia D. Pohon dapat menurunkan suhu udara **3. Struktur teks eksposisi pada kutipan tersebut adalah...** A. Orientasi â Komplikasi â Resolusi B. Pernyataan umum â Deretan argumen â Penegasan ulang C. Deskripsi umum â Deskripsi bagian â Simpulan D. Pernyataan masalah â Argumentasi â Evaluasi --- **Teks berikut digunakan untuk soal nomor 4â6:** > **Judul: Manfaat Membaca Buku bagi Remaja** > > Di tengah gempuran teknologi dan media sosial, kebiasaan membaca buku sering kali terpinggirkan. Padahal, membaca buku memberikan manfaat besar bagi perkembangan pengetahuan dan karakter remaja. Buku memperluas wawasan, meningkatkan kosakata, serta mengasah kemampuan berpikir kritis. Oleh karena itu, remaja perlu membiasakan diri untuk menyisihkan waktu membaca buku setiap hari. **4. Masalah yang diangkat dalam teks eksposisi tersebut adalah...** A. Kegiatan membaca membuat remaja tidak aktif B. Teknologi mempercepat penyebaran informasi C. Remaja lebih suka media sosial daripada membaca buku D. Buku terlalu mahal untuk dibeli **5. Argumen yang disampaikan oleh penulis adalah...** A. Buku lebih menarik dibandingkan gadget B. Membaca buku dapat memperluas wawasan dan kosakata C. Membaca buku sebaiknya dilakukan hanya di sekolah D. Semua buku memiliki manfaat yang sama **6. Kalimat yang mengandung ajakan dalam teks tersebut adalah...** A. Buku memperluas wawasan dan meningkatkan kosakata B. Padahal membaca buku memberikan manfaat besar C. Oleh karena itu, remaja perlu membiasakan diri membaca D. Di tengah gempuran teknologi, membaca makin dilupakan --- ### âď¸ **Soal Uraian (Nomor 7â10)** **7. Jelaskan struktur teks eksposisi dan beri masing-masing satu contoh kalimatnya!** **8. Buatlah paragraf pembuka teks eksposisi dengan tema: âPentingnya Sarapan Sebelum Beraktivitasâ!** **9. Tulislah satu paragraf argumen untuk memperkuat topik: âPenggunaan Gawai Secara Bijakâ!** **10. Berikan satu contoh penegasan ulang (kesimpulan) dalam teks eksposisi bertema âOlahraga Rutin Meningkatkan Kesehatanâ!** --- Kalau kamu mau versi *editable* dalam Word atau PDF, atau ingin ditambah kisi-kisi dan kunci jawaban, tinggal bilang aja!