It is defined as an act of practical judgment of reason deciding upon an individual action as good and to be performed or as evil to be avoided.

Conscience is the voice of the angel and the devil as if confusing those who are torn in doing and not doing a certain action

Conscience is an external reality that operates in man whenever there is a need to choose between the good and the bad.

Conscience does not manifest a practical judgement of reason because it is an interference leading to a vague and imprecise conclusion

The promptings of the conscience remains compulsory though it deviates from the correct norm and cease to be rational.

The impulses of the conscience is compulsory if it operates within the realm of truth impelling us to act according to our sound rational insights.

The testimony of conscience implies that there is a being who is the ultimate good, that because of our yearning for that ultimate good, we have the sense of right and wrong

The Conscience merely consist in a feeling of guilt or paranoia whenever a person did something that is morally or ethically objectionable

The function of the Conscience is to examine, judge and pass a sentence on all moral actions.

The Conscience is not simple a faculty or a habit but that is consist in the reason making a judgement on individual fact.

The Conscience is an inferential reasoning, it makes use of the principles of natural law.

The Conscience is a subjective and the proximate norm of morality because it confronts an action as good or bad.

The Conscience is an inference whose conclusion leads to something practicable because it determines what ought to be done in a given situation

It bears the habit of identifying and upholding the first principles, though its directives are not to be understood as a moral norm.

The innate principle in the moral consciousness of every person which directs the agent to good and restrains him from evil.

The habitual knowledge or essential awareness of right and wrong, which is infallible, and therefore, always binding.

It applies the rule of universal law to an individual or specific case, which makes it both a witness and judge of moral actions.

Though considered as a moral norm, as it decides on a specific or individual case, it may or may not agree with moral science, and therefore can err.

Since it precede the act, the Conscience wither commands or forbids, counsels or permits the performance of an act.

This is the moment when the person makes a judgment, deciding on a moral matter prior to acting on it.

Here, the conscience accompanies the action as it is taking place.

This moment which consists in the conscience making judgment of the mind on the morality of an action already performed.

In this moment, the conscience either approves the act thus promoting a sense of peace, well being and spiritual joy, or it could also disapprove an act resulting to the feeling of remorse or guilt.

Determine the least allied

Rigorous and meticulous kind of conscience is the kind of conscience which is extremely afraid of committing evil

The kind of Conscience which refuses to be bothered about the distinction of good and evil, following the impulse of "bahala na" attitude on matters of morals.

A kind of Conscience that for little or no reason judges an act to bemorally evil when it is not, or exaggerates the gravity of sin, or sees sinwhere it does not exist.

This kind of Conscience judges on insufficient ground that there isno sin in the fact, or that the sin is not as grave as it is in fact orinsensitive to a moral obligation

A kind of Conscience that Judges wrongly that sin is committed both in the performance or omission of an act

A person has this kind of conscience when he/she magnifies on his/her hypocritical acts of piety but ignore the demands of justice and charity towards one’s neighbors.

It is the kind of conscience which exhibits subjective assurance ofthe lawfulness or lawlessness of a specific act.

The kind of Conscience which judges incorrectly that what is good isevil and what is evil is good.

This kind of Conscience is not necessarily right but excludes all fears of error about acting rightly, or that the person has no doubt about the correctness of his/her judgment.

The kind of conscience that judges what is good as good and what isevil as evil

A vacillating conscience, unable to form a definite judgment on acertain action

a. Conscience as a virtue consist in being guided by right reason about things to be done or to be avoided, which right reason is achieved through well discerned judgment.

b. Prudence on the other hand consist in correct analysis of things to be done in a given situation which culminates in passing a sentence after a careful judgment.

The Conscience is Culpably Erroneous when the agent does not haveknowledge or is not at fault for one’s error. Thus, error is not willfullyintended

The Conscience is Inculpably Erroneous when the error is due to theagent’s fault; Meaning, the error is imbued with malice or is the result ofneglect.

The effective way of militating against evil is to turn our back againstit instead of squaring with it. Anyway, an idle mind and idle hands willnever be an occasion of temptation.

In prayer, we recognize the presence of God in our lives. That’s whyevery prayer is an encounter, because it is when we are alone with God,and thus, can be the best of ourselves.

A thing that is moral is automatically legal, and anything that is considered legal is automatically considered moral

Man is not capable of refusing the direction of the eternal law even in matters that lie under his free choice.

The natural law can be taken as a body of codified legalpronouncements.

On account of man’s rational nature, he manifests a moral order where by he becomes self-conscious of natural laws binding him to seekt he good fitting to his nature.

Man’s rational nature does not automatically provides him withknowledge of good as a thing to be done and evil to be avoided, andreason which shows him that the natural order has to be conserved andnot to be disturbed.

God does not absolutely allow exception from natural law because Heis its author and it will contradict His own nature.

All Human Laws are Temporal Laws.

The highest of the laws which the state operates is the constitutionwhich serves as the bulwark and hallmark of national identity.

Natural laws are dependent on time which makes it subject to evaluation and scrutiny as time goes by while society and culture continue to evolve

All Laws are binding even if they prevent man from becoming morehuman and freer and restrict man’s freedom

The Laws are meant to make men good, liberate them from perverseand mistaken judgments so as to lead them to their ultimate end.

There must be a clear communication of the law to all the people concerned

A rule or measure is imposed by being applied to those who are to be ruled and measured by it to obtain its binding force

A decisive command to perform.

Measure of acts, whereby man is induced to act or is restrained from acting.

A Law implies lawful assumption of power and credibility.

It represents and brings about the sum total of social conditions which allow people either as groups or individuals to reach their fulfillment more fully and easily

The objective purpose of the Laws is not to fulfill the lawmakers’ personal interests but for the good of all

Just, Honest, Possible of Fulfillment, Useful and Permanent

A law can only be valid if they are the legitimate exercise ofauthority.

It promotes and respects the dignity and true freedom of eachperson

Rational deliberations intended to guide men towards what is good for them and for the society.

It was made known to the people who are bound to observe them

It presupposes a community who will be bounded by it.

If our legislators are incompetent in matters legal, the people and the nation might suffer the consequences of having ineffective and inadequate laws which will result in a very slow pace of progress, human development and achievement of the common good.

It should not be arbitrary or whimsical but that which order anddirect human acts toward their ultimate end/Ultimate Good.

Those who represent the people must have lived and experiencedthe lives of those they represent in order to properly address theirconcerns through the legislation of appropriate laws

They flow from an illumined understanding of the will of an end thatthey either direct men to perform certain activities as good andnecessary or, to omit certain acts as evil.

The law must make the lives of individual easy and aid individuals inhoning and developing their God-given talents and skills in order to beof help to alleviate the sufferings of others

The public must be made aware of what is expected of them becausehow else could we expect them to observe it?

It is the eternal law, known to man by his reason, or in some sense, man’s participation in the eternal law

They are laws enacted by the Church or the State

It is “the divine reason or will of God commanding that the naturalorder of things be preserved and forbidding that it be disturbed”according to Saint Augustine.

Typical for these kind of law is that they must promote the commongood, that’s why, they must not be discriminatory of certain individualsor groups but that they must be proportionately applied to all in thesociety

God’s eternal plan and providence for the universe

In science, they were referred to as physical laws or properties governing, for example, the movement of atoms and molecules, of chemicals, of plants and animals including man himself.

It is the “the exemplar of divine wisdom as directing all actions andmovements” according to Saint Thomas.

This kind of laws must be dynamic, allowing for adjustmentsaccording to the emergent needs for development because its authorsare likely to commit errors and are bounded by specific context.

It is the eternal laws or the will of God in reason” according toGeorge Berkeley

It is that which provides for the cosmic order where every creaturestands different and independent but not apart from the unifiedpurpose of creation

God’s decree from eternity as director of all acts and movements, tocreate the world for an end, and then directs all things towards that end

According to Paul Tillich, it is the “command to become what onepotentially is, a person within a community of person.”

They are ordinance of reason promulgated for the common good bya human agency in charge of society or community.

It applies to all creatures, directing them in consonance with theirnature, assigning to each creature therein a specific nature

It provides for the cosmic order where every creature stands different and independent but not apart from the unified purpose of creation.

Indispensable for this kind of law is that they conform with theDivine Laws because all legitimate human authority emanates from God.

It is recognized by all men regardless of creed, race, culture orhistorical circumstances being that inner force which can be regarded asthe morality written in our hearts.

It demands and commands the conservation of the natural order iswhich make it unchangeable and unchanging for it is that direction toguide men towards their ultimate end

No man of sound and mature reason can be invincibly ignorant of thethis law and of its principles because a sane adult knows that evil is tobe avoided and good to be pursued

These laws are dependent on time which makes it subject toevaluation and scrutiny as time goes by while society and culturecontinue to evolve

Essentially, this class of law must be universal, meaning, it is truewherever human nature manifests itself. And being a constitutiveelement of human nature, it is also compulsory because it is a duty thatought to be fulfilled, i.e., nature, calling itself to be lived

As for the essential feature of this kind of law, it must be practicable, providing for a possible compliance because they only regulate external actions since it has no binding power over the hearts and mind of men

An attribute of this kind of law is that it is recognizable because it isimprinted in human nature, and as such, it is immutable since man’sessential nature can never be lost as long as man is man

An ordinance of reason promulgated for the common good by onewho has charge of the society

In general, they are considered as standard of measurement or aninstrument through which the quality or quantity of a thing isdetermined.

They are referred to as criteria of judgment about the sorts ofperson we ought to be and the sorts of action we ought to perform

They are those laws enacted by men to guide their actuations insociety and in relation to one another so as to achieve peace and orderand material prosperity

They are universal laws written in the hearts of all men, binding allmen alike, regulating the mind, heart and body of man insofar as he is aman

They are laws which are promulgated by a legitimate humanauthority which resides either in the State or in the Church and areintended to preserve peace and harmony within a society and directeach member for the common good.

They refer to laws that are enacted by the church and are embodied in the Code of Canon Law

They are laws which were promulgated, or made known to us byspecial command of God which in fact are explicit demands of ouressential tendencies as rational beings

They are laws enacted by the state and are embodied in the Constitution

Classifying law according to the effect of its violation, they are lawsthat subject the doer to penalty but does not inflict him/her with sin forthey bind by virtue of the penalty imposed.

Classifying law according to the effect of its violation, they are laws that bind in conscience, i.e., enforced by our personal conviction about the good to be done or the evil to be avoided

They are laws that require the performance of an act

Law is the subjective norm of morality while Conscience is the objective norm of morality

Everybody has a natural inclination towards morality as it is naturally learned and understood through synderesis

Morality is a universal phenomenon, manifested in every person in every society

Morality is all about pagpapakatao for it consist in acting according to our nature. Therefore, only human persons are bounded by the natural law

Ordinance of Reason (Essential Make up or composition of the Law)

Promulgated (Essential make up that enables the fulfillment of theLaw’s purpose)

For the Common Good (Purpose or what the Law is created for)

By those in charge of Society (Creator or maker of the Law)

As an ordinance of reason, the implementation of law must not be prejudicial or biased but that which look past statuses

As an ordinance of reason, the law must be genuinely implemented for the good of all and not simply to fulfill some people’s selfish motives

As an ordinance of reason, it should be achievable and realizable.

As an ordinance of reason, it should be fulfilling of the necessities ofpeople

As an ordinance of reason, it cannot be revoked or taken away as long as it is useful for the people

Common Good which is the goal of the Law refers to ‘the sum total of social conditions which allow people either as groups or individuals to reach their fulfillment more fully and easily.

The church teaching on the common good is rooted in our Christian anthropology which acknowledges our social nature, our interconnectedness and interdependence

Though the goods of this world hold a social character, the owner of a property still has the liberty to dispose of his/her property the way he/she waned to use them, even without regard for other people who may be affected by his/her use of one’s property as long as it is the product of his/her labor and hard work.

Laws are supposed to provide opportunities and platforms that are created for the intention of making peoples’ lives more favorable and pleasant.

No man of sound and mature reason can be invincibly ignorant ofthe natural law in its principles; any sane adult knows that evil is to beavoided and good is to be pursued.