an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics

a city in the Tuscany region of northern Italy that was the center of the Italian Renaissance

Donated of large amounts of money for the arts

artistic technique used to give paintings and drawings a three-dimensional effect

(1452-1519) was an Italian artist considered the ideal Renaissance man due to his varied talents. His interests included botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering. His sketches for flying machines and undersea boats resembled the later inventions of airplanes and submarines. Leonardo's paintings, such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper , remain famous today.

(1475-1564) was an Italian painter also known for his sculpture, engineering, architecture, and poems. His famous marble statue, David , shows the influence of ancient Greek traditions on Renaissance artists. Michelangelo painted biblically themed ceiling murals for the Sistine Chapel in Rome. As an architect, he designed the dome of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome, later a model for the U.S. Capitol in Washington D.C.

(1478-1529) was an Italian courtier, diplomat, and writer. His handbook, The Book of the Courtier , was widely read for its advice on the manners, skills, learning, and virtues that court members should display. He described an ideal courtier as well-mannered, well-educated, and multitalented.

(1469-1527) was born in Florence. He was a Renaissance political philosopher, statesman, and writer. His most famous work was a guide for rulers on how to gain and keep power. The Prince was realistic about political power. Machiavelli argued that the end justified the means in politics. The term "Machiavellian" is still used today to describe deceitful politics.

(c.1400-1468) was born in Germany. He became a goldsmith, printer, and publisher. His pioneering invention of a printing press with moveable type changed the world. Around 1455, Gutenberg printed the first complete edition of the Christian Bible using his press.

A region that what is today northern France, Belgium and Netherlands

Influential artist, painted and made prints from metal pallat

A method of making prints from metal pallats

(1478-1535) was born in London. He became a lawyer, scholar, writer, and member of British parliament during the reign of Henry VIII. He wrote Utopia , describing an ideal society. The word utopian came to mean idealistic or visionary. In 1521, he was knighted.

An ideal society that is perfect in every way

(1564-1616), born in England, became a famous poet and playwright during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Between 1590 and 1613, he wrote 37 plays that are still performed around the world. He invented words and phrases still used today. Like other Renaissance writers, he took a humanist approach to his characters.

in the Roman Catholic Church, pardon for sins committed during a person's lifetime

a city in northern Germany, where Luther drew up his 95 Theses

(1500-1558) was the Holy Roman emperor during the time of Martin Luther's reformation efforts. His immense empire included large areas of Europe. A staunch Catholic, he rejected Luther's doctrines. The Protestant upheaval, along with political pressures, led Charles to voluntarily give up his throne. He divided the empire between his son and his brother. Charles entered a Catholic monastery where he remained until his death.

assembly or legislature

(1509-1564) was a French theologian and lawyer. Influenced by the humanist philosophy of Erasmus, Calvin became involved with the Protestant movement while a student at the University of Paris. He later moved to Geneva, Switzerland, where he set up a theocracy and wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion . Calvin's interpretation of Christian doctrine is called Calvinism.

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation

Swiss city-state that became a Calvinist theocracy in the 1500s; today a major city in Switzerland

government run by religious leaders

a subgroup of a major religious group

(1491-1547) was the second Tudor king of England. Well-educated and athletic, he was initially a favorite of the English people. He lost much of that popularity with his constant involvement in wars. Henry's desire for a male heir was the catalyst for his eventual break with the Roman Catholic Church and the formation of the Church of England.

(1516-1558) was the first queen to rule England in her own right. The daughter of Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, Mary was a staunch Catholic who failed to turn back the tide of the Protestant Reformation in England. Her vigorous persecution of Protestants earned her the nickname "Bloody Mary."

(1489-1556) was a Catholic theologian who strongly supported reform. When Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church, Cranmer became England's first Protestant archbishop of Canterbury. He distributed English language Bibles to parish churches and, later, developed the Book of Common Prayer . Cranmer also acted as an adviser to both Henry VIII and his son, Edward VI.

recognize a person as a saint

an agreement in which each side makes concessions; an acceptable middle ground

a group of Catholic leaders that met between 1545 and 1563 to respond to Protestant challenges and direct the future of the Catholic Church

(1491-1556) went from an early career as a Spanish nobleman soldier to become a theologian and an influential participant in the Catholic Reformation. While recovering from leg surgery, Ignatius read a book on the lives of the saints and decided that serving God was holy chivalry. From that time until his death, Ignatius studied, preached, and did missionary work as founder of the Society of Jesus, an order of religious men who came to be known as Jesuits.

(1515-1582) gained renown as the author of several books on spiritual matters. She was a key influence during the Catholic Reformation. As a Carmelite nun, she dedicated herself to a simple religious life built on quiet reflection. Teresa dedicated most of her life to the reform of the Carmelite order, founding many convents throughout Spain

separate section of a city where members of a minority group are forced to liv

(1473-1543) was a Polish astronomer who concluded that the sun is the center of the universe around which Earth and the other planets revolve. This contradicted the religious and scientific belief that Earth was the center of the universe. Although he did not suffer immediate challenges from the Church, his most important work did not appear in print until after his death.

based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe

(1571-1630) was a German astronomer whose discoveries expanded on Copernicus's heliocentric universe. Kepler's research showed that the planets move in a particular orbit around the sun. His achievements included a correct description of how vision occurs, as well as how a telescope uses light.

(1564-1642) was an Italian astronomer and mathematician whose discoveries using a telescope supported the heliocentric universe theories of Copernicus. His discoveries challenged established scientific and religious thinking. Galileo was an important contributor to the development of the scientific method used by modern scientists.

(1561-1626) was a distinguished English philosopher, statesman, and lawyer. A man of many talents, he promoted rational thought. Bacon was held in high regard by philosophers and scientists in Europe as well as England.

(1596-1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. Descartes was one of the first to abandon traditional methods of thought based on Aristotle's teachings. Instead, he promoted a new science based on observation and experiments. For this, he has been called the father of modern philosophy.

careful, step-by-step process used to confirm findings and to prove or disprove a hypothesis

an unproved theory accepted for the purposes of explaining certain facts or to provide a basis for further investigation.

(1627-1691) was one of the leading minds of the late 1600s. An English-Irish philosopher and writer, Boyle focused on chemistry, physics, and natural history. His work with pressurized air led to the development of Boyle's Law, which describes the relationship between pressure and the volume of gas. Boyle was one of the founders of the Royal Society of London.

(1642-1727) was one of the most important figures of the Scientific Revolution. An English mathematician and physicist, Newton's three laws of motion form the basic principles of modern physics and led to the formulation of the universal law of gravity. His 1687 book, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy , is considered one of the most important works in the history of modern science.

force that pulls objects in Earth's sphere to the center of Earth

a branch of mathematics in which calculations are made using special symbolic notations, developed by Isaac Newton