What is the capital of france? (Remember)

Topic 3/23 | Quizalize

I 23 comandamenti dell'e-mail Emoticon La regola d'oro dell'e-mail: non inviare ad altri ciò che troveresti tu stesso sgradevole ricevere. Un suggerimento da seguire: Quando scrivi un'e-mail non guardarti allo specchio ma “guarda” intensamente il tuo lettore, è un atto di altruismo che ti verrà ripagato. Non usare l'e-mail per alcun proposito illegale o non etico. Non diffondere né spam né messaggi appartenenti a catene di S. Antonio. Includere sempre l'argomento del messaggio in modo chiaro e specifico; non inviare mai e-mail prive del campo "oggetto". Rispondere sempre alle e-mail, se non altro per dare la conferma al mittente di presa visione. Cercare di rispondere alle e-mail mantenendo sempre lo stesso argomento (topic) per conservare una struttura storica ordinata dei messaggi inviati e ricevuti (storico discussione (thread)), "agganciandoli" uno dopo l'altro, evitando possibilmente di spedire un nuovo messaggio per un argomento già in corso di discussione. Seguire le regole di citazione per scrivere la risposta a una e-mail. Mantenere la privacy dei mittenti/destinatari, cancellando dal testo l'eventuale indirizzo di posta elettronica del mittente (se si inoltra una e-mail quando il destinatario non dovesse conoscere il mittente originale) e utilizzando la casella Bcc o Ccn (e non quella A o Cc) se si deve inviare la stessa e-mail a destinatari che non si conoscono tra loro. Fare molta attenzione all'ortografia e alla grammatica del proprio messaggio. Non insultare e non fare uso indiscriminato di parole scritte in maiuscolo (esse, infatti, corrispondono al tono di voce alto del parlato, e dunque denotano nervosismo o cattiveria). Riflettere bene su come il destinatario possa reagire al proprio messaggio: valutare se può essere realmente interessato al contenuto e utilizzare eventualmente le emoticon per indicare il tono della conversazione, in particolare se scrivono battute (se è diverso da quello che potrebbe fare pensare la semplice lettura del testo). La dimensione del messaggio da inviare non deve essere troppo grande (al posto di allegati di grandi dimensioni si possono inserire nel testo del messaggio dei link a tali risorse reperibili in altro modo, per esempio via FTP o HTTP); bisogna tenere presente che la dimensione massima ammessa per gli allegati può essere diversa in base al provider di posta utilizzato. Eventualmente è meglio concordare col destinatario le modalità di invio di allegati pesanti. Gli allegati devono essere di formati diffusi e aperti (come .pdf o .jpeg per le immagini) in modo da essere facilmente apribili con i dispositivi e i sistemi operativi più diffusi, già settati per la stampa, ed eventualmente compressi con programmi nativi del sistema operativo. Non inviare messaggi privati da postazioni o account dai quali possono essere letti da altri o se lo si fa ricordarsi di eliminare le tracce. Citare il testo a cui si risponde il più brevemente possibile, ma in modo che risulti comunque chiaro in cima alla risposta. Non richiedere indiscriminatamente, per qualsiasi messaggio, la ricevuta di ritorno da parte del destinatario. Non allegare file con nomi eccessivamente lunghi o che contengono caratteri particolari come quelli di punteggiatura o lettere con segni diacritici, in quanto potrebbero creare problemi con alcune piattaforme. Non impostare indiscriminatamente, per qualsiasi messaggio, il flag di importante e/o urgente (è come gridare "al lupo, al lupo" inutilmente): con il passare del tempo chi riceverà le tue e-mail ignorerà il flag. Scrivere in modo semplice e diretto, con periodi brevi e andando a capo spesso perché gli spazi bianchi delle interlinee aiutano la lettura. Fare una lista per punti se ci sono molte cose da dire: il testo così si leggerà facilmente anche su uno smartphone. Salvare il proprio messaggio in bozza quando quest'ultimo viene scritto di getto, per poi rileggerlo successivamente e se necessario modificarlo prima di inviarlo. Leggere il proprio messaggio almeno 3 volte prima di inviarlo e dimostrare di avere almeno letto il messaggio del mittente approfonditamente prima di dare risposte senza pensare. Se possibile prediligi i contenuti in formato testo selezionabile rispetto a quelli in formato immagine (ad esempio un testo scansionato o fotografato): renderai più facile il lavoro a chi ha la necessità di effettuare la ricerca di un termine nel testo, di fare copia-incolla o di usare un lettore di testo per non vedenti o ipovedenti. Non dimenticare una formula di saluto al/alla destinatario/a all'inizio della e-mail. Firmare sempre con il proprio nome alla fine del messaggio, a meno che la firma non sia già inclusa nell'oggetto.

In a single domesticated grain seed, one might see the bud of great civilizations. The birth of agriculture was a turning point in humans' social development, as stable food supplies enabled people to transcend the constraints of food gained by hunting and gathering. After that, people were able to settle down and experience population booms. As one of the major areas around the globe where agriculture originated, China has contributed to the world's domesticated rice, millet, buckwheat and soybeans. Archaeological studies have unveiled that the planting of rice originated around 10,000 years ago in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, leading to the eventual replacement there of hunting and gathering practices dating back 5,000 to 6,000 years. "It marked the formation of a rice-based agricultural society in the area," said Zhao Zhijun, an archaeologist at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Archaeological studies of the origins of rice-based agriculture are an important part of a national project tracing the origins of Chinese civilization itself. President Xi Jinping has greatly valued the project. At a group study session of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee on May 27, 2022, Xi, who is also general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, emphasized the significance of the project and the role that archaeological studies play in better understanding Chinese civilization. The project to trace the origins of Chinese civilization, in addition to finding signs of human activity more than 1 million years ago, has also proved that China's history includes 10,000 years of culture and more than 5,000 years of civilization. The project has provided clear knowledge of the origins and formation of Chinese civilization, the history of its development, the process of the formation and development of its pluralistic and integrated pattern, and the characteristics of the civilization and why it was formed in such a way, he added. This was not the first time that Xi emphasized the importance of the origin-tracing project. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC in 2012, Xi has toured more than 100 historical and cultural locations and issued many instructions related to archaeology and the origin-tracing project. During the 23rd group study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee in 2020, Xi called for giving more attention to archaeological research and letting historical facts speak for themselves. "This will provide strong support for our efforts to carry forward the best of traditional Chinese culture and increase our cultural confidence," said Xi. The origin-tracing project has been carried out since 2002. Its ongoing fifth phase, which started in 2020, involves the participation of more than 500 researchers from 29 institutes across the country. It primarily centers on several ancient capital sites, including the Liangzhu site in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, the Taosi site in Xiangfen county, Shanxi province, the Shimao site in Shenmu, Shaanxi province, and the Erlitou site in Luoyang, Henan province, from 3,500 to 5,500 years ago, as well as other settlements mainly along the basins of the Yellow, Yangtze and Liaohe rivers. The project has also expanded to a wider geographic and chronological framework to decode how Chinese civilization emerged and how its diverse elements formed a unity. Excavation of the Liangzhu site, which is over 5,000 years old and is one of the major sites covered in the origin-tracing project, has yielded an inner city covering 3 million square meters and an outer city of 6.3 million sq m, making it the world's largest capital at the time. It also had a giant water control system, which contributed to the formation of a rice-based agricultural society. By calculating the earthwork volume, archaeologists found that building the entire ancient city, the water control system and Mojiaoshan — a 10-meter-tall man-made terrace in the center of the city — required 10,000 people working daily for seven-and-a-half years. The discoveries show that Liangzhu had a kingship able to organize people for large-scale public construction, and its social differentiation, emergence of the city concept and existence of a kingship prove that it became a civilized society, said Wang Wei, a veteran archaeologist at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Significant topic Wang said that tracing the origins of a civilization is a significant topic in the research of human history. Over the years, the Chinese project has provided China's answer to how to define civilizations. In 2022, Xi commended the efforts and stressed that the project has made creative contributions to the research on tracing the origins of the world's civilizations. Wang said: "International academia has proposed three indispensable elements for a civilized society based on features of Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations: written characters, metallurgy and the city concept. But we can find that some of the three elements were absent in many ancient civilizations. For example, the Mayan civilization had no metallurgy, while the Incan civilization didn't have written characters." Western scholars believe that Chinese civilization began with the Yinxu Ruins in Anyang, Henan province, a capital of the late Shang Dynasty (c.16th century-11th century BC), based on the discovery of inscribed oracle bones from that time. However, Chinese archaeologists don't agree. With continued archaeological research, international academia now believes that places around the world can propose criteria for civilization based on their own ancient social development. China's archaeological studies have shaped the nation's criteria in defining a civilization: the development of productivity, an increase in population, the appearance of cities, social differentiation and the emergence of kingship and state. "These criteria are suitable for identifying other civilizations as well," said Wang. "Civilizations have in common the appearance of kingship and state. They are only different in the ways of imposing kingship and the forms of state." In China, kingship and state "were shown by exquisite jade and bronze ritual artifacts, grand palaces and magnificent mausoleums imitating aboveground palaces", he added. "In Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, they were demonstrated through superb stone temples, pyramids and large-scale tombs." Multidisciplinary subject President Xi said in 2020 that archaeologists should work closely with researchers from other fields to make an interpretive analysis of material remains. Zhang Chi, a professor of archaeology at Peking University, said that since material remains are often the research focus of archaeological studies, these should not only be observed with the eyes, but also studied using scientific and technological tools. Therefore, from the perspective of research methods, archaeology is by nature a multidisciplinary subject, Zhang added.

In many cases, cells must move materials from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, or “up” their concentration gradient. Such movement of materials is known as active transport. Unlike passive transport, active transport requires a cell to expend energy. CELL MEMBRANE PUMPS Ion channels and carrier proteins not only assist in passive trans- port but also help with some types of active transport. The car- rier proteins that serve in active transport are often called cell membrane “pumps” because they move substances from lower to higher concentrations. Carrier proteins involved in facilitated diffusion and those involved in active transport are very similar. In both, the molecule first binds to a specific kind of carrier protein on one side of the cell membrane. Once it is bound to the molecule, the protein changes shape, shielding the molecule from the hydrophobic interior of the phospholipid bilayer. The protein then transports the molecule through the membrane and releases it on the other side. However, cell membrane pumps require energy. Most often the energy needed for active transport is supplied directly or indirectly by ATP. Sodium-Potassium Pump One example of active transport in animal cells involves a carrier protein known as the sodium-potassium pump. As its name sug- gests, this protein transports Na ions and K ions up their con- centration gradients. To function normally, some animal cells must have a higher concentration of Na ions outside the cell and a higher concentration of K ions inside the cell. The sodium- potassium pump maintains these concentration differences. Follow the steps in Figure 5-6 on the next page to see how the sodium-potassium pump operates. First, three Na ions bind to the carrier protein on the cytosol side of the membrane, as shown in step . At the same time, the carrier protein removes a phosphate group from a molecule of ATP. As you can see in step , the phos- phate group from the ATP molecule binds to the carrier protein. Step shows how the removal of the phosphate group from ATP supplies the energy needed to change the shape of the carrier pro- tein. With its new shape, the protein carries the three Na ions through the membrane and then forces the Na ions outside the cell where the Na concentration must remain high. 3 2 1 SECTION 2 OBJECTIVES ● Distinguish between passive transport and active transport. ● Explain how the sodium-potassium pump operates. ● Compare endocytosis and exocytosis. VOCABULARY active transport sodium-potassium pump endocytosis vesicle pinocytosis phagocytosis phagocyte exocytosis www.scilinks.org Topic: Active Transport Keyword: HM60018 mb06se_homs02.qxd 5/18/07 11:02 AM Page 103 104 CHAPTER 5 K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ INSIDE OF CELL OUTSIDE OF CELL Carrier protein Cell membrane P P P P Na+ Na+ Na+ ATP ADP Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 At this point, the carrier protein has the shape it needs to bind two K ions outside the cell, as step shows. When the K ions bind, the phosphate group is released, as indicated in step , and the carrier protein restores its original shape. As shown in step this time, the change in shape causes the carrier protein to release the two K ions inside the cell. At this point the carrier protein is ready to begin the process again. Thus, a complete cycle of the sodium-potassium pump transports three Na ions out of the cell and two K ions into the cell. At top speed, the sodium-potassium pump can transport about 450 Na ions and 300 K ions per second. The exchange of three Na ions for two K ions creates an electrical gradient across the cell membrane. That is, the outside of the membrane becomes positively charged relative to the inside of the membrane, which becomes relatively negative. In this way, the two sides of the cell membrane are like the positive and nega- tive terminals of a battery. This difference in charge is important for the conduction of electrical impulses along nerve cells. The sodium-potassium pump is only one example of a cell membrane pump. Other pumps work in similar ways to transport important metabolic materials across cell membranes.

Topic 2 & 3

9 - 1 Unit 7 (Theme II Topic 2 & 3) HR & Translation Assessment

create 15 multiple choice question about this topic.Remember working principle of frequency filter circuits 5.1.1 Describe operation and function of filters 5.1.2 Describe applications of filter in electronic equipment 5.1.3 Name types of filter circuit a. Passive filter b. Active filter 5.1.4 Identify difference between passive filter and active filter 5.2 Understand operation and application of passive filters 5.2.1 Explain operation of passive filter 5.2.2 Explain with diagram the types of passive filter a. Low-pass filter b. High-pass filter c. Band-pass filter 5.2.3 Explain applications of each passive filter 5.2.4 Explain operation for each passive filter 5.2.5 Explain voltage gain and maximum voltage gain (Avmax) for passive filter 5.2.6 Explain following terms : a. voltage gain in decibel, Av (dB) b. cut-off frequency, fc c. frequency pass-band d. frequency bandwidth (BW)

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