Semi-nomadic lifestyle relying on fishing, hunting, and gathering; homes were small, temporary huts called wigwams made from brush and animal hides.

Nomadic lifestyle depending on buffalo hunting; homes were tipis made from buffalo hides for easy mobility.

Sedentary lifestyle living in permanent villages; homes were adobe pueblos built for protection and insulation.

Sedentary lifestyle living in large villages; homes were dome-shaped grass houses.

Known for their tall and strong physique; some reports suggest they practiced ritualistic cannibalism.

Tribes had little political organization and moved frequently for food.

Skilled horsemen and warriors known as the 'Lords of the Plains.'

Fierce warriors and skilled traders.

Known for their distinctive striped body paint.

One of the oldest surviving Native American communities in Texas.

Highly advanced farmers and traders; created intricate pottery and tools.

The word comes from the Caddo word taysha, meaning 'friend' or 'ally.'

First European to map the Texas coastline; his voyage confirmed that Florida was not an island.

One of the first Europeans to explore Texas; lived among Native American tribes and recorded detailed accounts of their cultures.

Led an expedition in search of the mythical Seven Cities of Gold; explored the Texas Panhandle but found no riches.

First Spanish mission in East Texas, established to convert the Caddo Indians; abandoned due to conflicts with Native Americans and disease.

Founded as a mission and presidio (fort) to strengthen Spanish control in Texas. Included Mission San Antonio de Valero (The Alamo), which later played a key role in Texas history.

Established as the first capital of Spanish Texas (near present-day Louisiana). Built to defend against French encroachment from Louisiana.

Founded as a presidio and mission along the San Antonio River. Played a key role in Spanish defense and later in the Texas Revolution.

One of the oldest towns in Texas, founded by Spanish settlers moving away from missions. Became an important trade center between Texas and Louisiana.

French explorer who mistakenly landed in Texas while searching for the Mississippi River. Established Fort St. Louis near Matagorda Bay, the first French settlement in Texas.

Spanish explorers, influenced by myths of great riches (such as the Seven Cities of Gold), sought gold in Texas.

Led an expedition through the Texas Panhandle in search of Cíbola but found no gold. His expeditions helped Spain map the region.

French Challenge: René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (1685) established Fort St. Louis near Matagorda Bay, claiming Texas for France.

Spain viewed La Salle's settlement as a threat and launched expeditions to find and remove the French.

Detailed the results of his expedition in search of the mythical Seven Cities of Gold (Cíbola) and his exploration of present-day Texas and the Great Plains.

A companion of Cabeza de Vaca who lived among Native American tribes.

Location: Eastern and southeastern Texas, along the Gulf of Mexico; characterized by flat to rolling terrain with fertile soil.

Location: Central Texas, west of the Coastal Plains; characterized by rolling hills, grasslands, and forests.

Location: Texas Panhandle and parts of central Texas; characterized by flat, open land with few trees.

Location: Far West Texas, near the Mexican border; characterized by rugged mountains, desert basins, and plateaus.

Agriculture (cotton, rice, cattle ranching), oil and gas industry, fishing, shipping, and tourism along the Gulf Coast.

Houston, Dallas, San Antonio, Austin, Corpus Christi.

Cattle ranching and farming (wheat, corn, cotton), military bases, and manufacturing.

Fort Worth, Abilene, Wichita Falls.

Cattle ranching and agriculture (wheat, sorghum), oil and natural gas production, wind energy farms.

Lubbock, Amarillo, Midland, Odessa.

Limited farming due to lack of water, oil and gas production, tourism in national parks and historical sites.

El Paso, Alpine, Marfa.

Primarily settled in South Texas, Central Texas, and along the Rio Grande (San Antonio, Goliad, Nacogdoches) during the 1700s-1800s.

Settled in East and Central Texas (Austin's Colony, San Felipe de Austin, Washington-on-the-Brazos) during the 1820s-1830s.

Settled in Hill Country and Central Texas (New Braunfels, Fredericksburg, Comfort) during the 1830s-1860s.

Settled in South Texas and the Gulf Coast (San Patricio, Refugio) during the 1820s-1840s.

Settled in Central Texas and Gulf Coast Plains (Fayetteville, Schulenburg, Panna Maria) during the 1840s-1900s.

Settled in Castroville and La Réunion (near present-day Dallas) during the 1840s-1850s.

Mandates that the state provide free public education.

Outlines laws and policies governing education in the state.

Establishes education laws, funding, and policies, and determines the school finance system, including property taxes and state funding for public schools.

Oversees curriculum, textbooks, and graduation requirements; approves Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS).

Led by the Commissioner of Education; implements education policies and manages school accountability (A-F ratings).

Governed by a locally elected school board; set district policies and budgets, hire and evaluate the superintendent.

Greg Abbott.

Dan Patrick.

Ken Paxton.

Glenn Hegar.

James Wright.

Nathan L. Hecht.

Dustin Burrows.

Brandon Creighton.

Named after St. Anthony of Padua.

Means 'The Pass,' referring to a mountain pass.

Means 'Big River,' forming Texas' southern border.

Means 'Staked Plains,' describing the flat landscape of the Texas Panhandle.

Celebration or festival.