language in South Asia, particularly in Pakistan and India, characterized by its blend of Persian, Arabic, and regional dialects

 a centuries-long Christian campaign to retake the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule

the highest class in certain societies, especially those holding hereditary titles or offices (nobles, etc)

a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.

political systems in which power and authority are concentrated in a central government or ruler, rather than being dispersed among multiple regional or local governments.

individual states are allowed more individual control at local levels, allowing for a better understanding between rulers and their subjects