A form of government in which power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or through freely elected representatives.

A foundational document that outlines the initial governing framework of the United States, which was later replaced by the U.S. Constitution.

An uprising in 1786-1787 led by farmers in Massachusetts protesting tax and debt policies, highlighting the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

An essay written by James Madison that argues against factions and the dangers they pose to a republic, advocating for a large republic to control their effects.

An essay by James Madison that emphasizes the need for checks and balances within the government to prevent any one branch from gaining too much power.

A written response to the Federalist Papers arguing for a decentralized government and emphasizing the importance of individual rights and state sovereignty.

Individuals who supported the ratification of the U.S. Constitution and favored a strong national government.

Individuals who opposed the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, arguing that it threatened individual liberties and state rights.

A political party that emerged in the 1820s, advocating for agrarian interests and the rights of the common man, often associated with Thomas Jefferson.

A political party that emerged in the 1850s, traditionally associated with Abraham Lincoln and promoting anti-slavery policies and a strong federal government.

The supreme law of the land that outlines the framework of the government and the rights of the citizens, ratified in 1788.

A principle that ensures no one branch of government becomes too powerful by providing each branch with the ability to limit the powers of the others.

The distribution of power among different branches of government to ensure that no single entity holds too much authority.

A political principle that restricts governmental power and protects individual liberties, ensuring that the government's powers are defined and limited.

The principle that government authority is created and sustained by the consent of its people, who are the ultimate source of political power.

A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units, such as states.

An agreement during the Constitutional Convention that created a bicameral legislature, combining proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate.

A historical agreement that determined that three-fifths of the enslaved population would be counted for representation and taxation purposes.

A body established by the Constitution to formally elect the President and Vice President of the United States, where each state's electors cast votes based on the popular vote outcome in their state.

The introductory statement of the Constitution that outlines its purposes and guiding principles, beginning with 'We the People'.

The section of the U.S. Constitution that describes the process for amending the Constitution, allowing for changes to be made as necessary over time.

The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution that guarantee essential rights and liberties to individuals, including freedom of speech and religion.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that protects the rights of individuals to express their opinions and beliefs without government interference.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that recognizes an individual's right to keep and bear arms.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that prohibits the quartering of soldiers in private homes without the owner's consent during peacetime.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures by requiring a warrant based on probable cause.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that guarantees the right to due process of law and protects individuals from being compelled to testify against themselves in criminal cases.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that guarantees the right to a fair and speedy trial, as well as the right to legal counsel, in criminal prosecutions.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that provides for the right to trial by jury in civil cases where the value in controversy exceeds a certain amount.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that prohibits excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishments.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that protects rights not specifically enumerated in the Constitution, ensuring that the enumeration of certain rights does not deny or disparage others retained by the people.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that reserves powers not delegated to the federal government to the states and the people.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that provides for the direct election of U.S. Senators by the people rather than state legislatures.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that granted women the right to vote, marking a significant milestone in the women's suffrage movement.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that abolished the practice of slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that guarantees equal protection under the law and prohibits discrimination by the states against any individual.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that prohibits the imposition of poll taxes in federal elections, eradicating a financial barrier that was used to restrict voting rights.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that allows Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states based on population.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that lowered the voting age to 18 years, ensuring that younger citizens could participate in elections.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that establishes procedures for the succession of the presidency and the vice presidency, particularly in cases of death or disability.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that limits the president to two terms in office, reflecting concerns over the concentration of power.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that states the right to vote in the District of Columbia in presidential elections, granting its residents a voice in the electoral process.

The practice of maintaining a legislature with two chambers or houses, essential for balancing representation and decision-making in government.

The system through which the federal government allocates funds and resources to state and local governments, often with specific conditions attached.

A type of grant-in-aid provided by the federal government to states and localities for specific purposes, often requiring a detailed application process and adherence to federal guidelines.

A type of financial aid provided by the federal government to states and localities that allows for more discretion in how the funds are used, typically for broader purposes.

The principle by which a government or organization can control and influence the economy, including the establishment and enforcement of taxation and expenditures.

The process of making decisions and taking actions to address public issues, typically involving governmental regulations and expenditures.

A constitutional term that refers to the authority granted to a government to control its territory and people, often linked to the idea of governance and political power.

The legal principle that provides for judicial review, allowing courts to assess whether laws or government actions are in accordance with the Constitution.

A legal doctrine stating that the government must respect all legal rights owed to a person, ensuring fair treatment through the judicial system.

The constitutional clause that prohibits the government from denying any person equal protection under the law, often invoked in civil rights cases.

A landmark Supreme Court case that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional, thereby advancing the cause of civil rights.

The Supreme Court case that established the principle that the government must provide an attorney to defendants in criminal cases who cannot afford one, ensuring the right to legal representation.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that individuals must be informed of their rights to remain silent and to have legal counsel upon arrest, establishing important protections for suspects in custody.

A significant Supreme Court case that ruled on the limits of free speech, deciding that speech posing a 'clear and present danger' is not protected by the First Amendment.

A Supreme Court case that upheld a student's right to free speech in schools, ruling that wearing armbands to protest the Vietnam War was a protected form of expression.

A Supreme Court case that determined that the right to privacy extends to a woman's right to have an abortion, thus striking down many state restrictions.

A Supreme Court case that addressed the limits of executive power, ruling that the president cannot claim executive privilege to withhold information in a criminal trial.

A Supreme Court case that struck down a law prohibiting the distribution of contraceptives, affirming the right to marital privacy and the use of contraceptives by married couples.

A Supreme Court case that ruled same-sex couples have the constitutional right to marry, affirming the importance of equality under the law.

The constitutional provision that stipulates that the federal Constitution and federal laws take precedence over state laws in case of conflict.

This clause of the Constitution allows Congress to make all laws that are necessary and proper for carrying out its enumerated powers.

A Supreme Court case that established the principle that state laws cannot interfere with the ability of women to obtain abortions, reinforcing the decision made in Roe v. Wade.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that states cannot impose undue restrictions on the right to vote, thereby protecting citizens' voting rights and ensuring fair electoral processes.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that money spent on political campaigns is a form of protected speech under the First Amendment, leading to changes in campaign finance laws.

The concept in political theory that suggests a government's legitimacy and authority arise from a social contract among the people.

A political doctrine advocating for the principles of a republic, emphasizing representative democracy rather than direct democracy, and promoting the rule of law.

A significant document that declared the thirteen American colonies free from British rule and outlined the philosophical justification for independence, including the belief in natural rights.

The economic principle that allows governments to impose taxes and fees in order to generate revenue for public services and infrastructure.

The system of government in which the powers of government are divided between a central authority and smaller political units, such as states.

The term used to describe the division of governmental responsibilities among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent any one branch from gaining too much power.

A principle in American government that prevents any branch from overpowering the others by allowing each branch to oversee and limit the functions of the others.

The constitutional concept that ensures powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved for the states or the people, reinforcing the principle of limited government.

The principle that allows the federal government to exercise powers that are not explicitly listed in the Constitution but are deemed necessary to fulfill its duties.

The constitutional clause that allows Congress to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the states, and with Native American tribes, establishing a broad basis for federal economic regulation.

The constitutional amendment that prohibits the forced quartering of soldiers in private homes during peacetime without the owner's consent.

The amendment that guarantees the rights of individuals accused of crimes, including the right to a speedy and public trial, an impartial jury, and to be informed of the charges against them.

The amendment that protects individuals against self-incrimination and guarantees due process of law, ensuring that individuals cannot be denied their rights without a fair legal procedure.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that provides protection against unreasonable searches and seizures, requiring law enforcement to have a warrant based on probable cause.

The amendment that prohibits excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishments by the government, ensuring humane treatment in legal proceedings.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that reserves rights not specifically mentioned for the people, ensuring that the enumeration of certain rights does not deny others.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that stipulates that powers not delegated to the federal government, nor prohibited to the states, are reserved for the states or the people.

The practice of redrawing district boundaries to benefit a particular political party or group, often resulting in uneven representation.

The principle that gives citizens the right to vote and participate in the political process, ensuring that government derives its authority from the consent of the governed.

The term used to describe laws or policies that aim to restrict or control the process of voting, often citing reasons such as preventing fraud.

The practice of imposing a fee that must be paid to vote, which was historically used to disenfranchise low-income individuals and minority groups.

The term used to describe the formal withdrawal of a state from the Union, a concept debated particularly during the Civil War period.

The principle in American government that allows citizens to propose legislation or constitutional amendments and submit them to the electorate for approval.

The process by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a direct vote before the end of their term.

A legislative procedure that allows voters to vote directly on specific legislation or constitutional amendments, often resulting from an initiative or as a response to proposed laws.

The system of government that allows the separation of powers and the establishment of checks and balances among branches to prevent abuse of power.

A political ideology that emphasizes the importance of individual rights and freedoms, often advocating for minimal government intervention in personal and economic matters.

A governmental system where a small group of individuals holds power, often characterized by elitism and limited political participation from the general populace.

The system where power is concentrated in a single entity or authority, often characterized by a lack of political pluralism and limited individual freedoms.

The principle that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches, ensuring that no single branch becomes too powerful.

The principle that allows citizens to vote directly on proposed laws or amendments to the Constitution, often through a ballot measure or referendums.

A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and smaller political units, often referred to as states or provinces.

The practice of allowing citizens the opportunity to vote on initiatives or changes in the law, often seen as a form of direct democracy.

A political system in which power is concentrated in a single central government, with little to no ability for regional authorities to exercise autonomy.

A form of government in which power is held by the people through direct participation or through elected representatives, emphasizing personal freedoms and civic involvement.

A political system characterized by the rule of a monarch, where the monarch's power is typically hereditary and often accompanied by ceremonial or absolute authority.

The theory that government should be based on the consent of the governed, emphasizing the importance of individual rights and liberties.

The idea that all individuals are entitled to fundamental rights and freedoms simply by being human, often used as a basis for moral and legal considerations.

A significant political document that outlines the fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed to individuals, primarily focusing on the protection of civil liberties.

The constitutional amendment that prohibits the government from denying the right to vote based on age for citizens who are eighteen years or older.

The amendment that granted women the right to vote in the United States, marking a significant victory in the women's suffrage movement.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that prohibits the forced quartering of soldiers in private homes during peacetime without the consent of the owner.

An amendment that protects against self-incrimination and guarantees due process, requiring that no one can be deprived of life, liberty, or property without legal proceedings.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury in criminal cases.

The amendment that prohibits excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishments, emphasizing humane treatment in the justice system.

The constitutional amendment that guarantees that citizens have the right to bear arms, often associated with debates regarding gun control and individual liberties.

The constitutional amendment that ensures the right to not be subjected to unreasonable searches and seizures, requiring law enforcement to obtain a warrant supported by probable cause.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that addresses the process for amending the Constitution itself, outlining the steps required for changes to be made.

The constitutional clause that requires states to respect the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state, promoting cooperation and legal consistency across state lines.

The principle in constitutional law that mandates that no individual can be deprived of their rights without legal due process, ensuring fair treatment under the law.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that prohibits the government from making laws establishing an official religion or impeding the free exercise of religion.

A significant document in American history that formally severed the colonies' ties to Britain, highlighting the principles of individual rights and government by consent.

A Supreme Court case that ruled state laws prohibiting interracial marriage were unconstitutional, affirming the principle of equality under the law.

The term used to describe a system of government where power is shared between a central authority and smaller political units, typically states, ensuring that both levels of government can exercise authority.

A system of government where the authority is primarily held by a single central government, with minimal power granted to regional or local governments.

The system of government where states retain most of the power and operate independently but come together for certain common purposes, typically seen in agreements among several states.

The doctrine that grants the courts the authority to review the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions, thereby ensuring that the government acts within its prescribed limits.

The principle that ensures that individuals have the right to express their opinions publicly without government interference or censorship.

The right guaranteed by the Constitution that allows individuals to gather peacefully for demonstrations, protests, and meetings to express their views or advocate for change.

The right guaranteed by the Constitution that enables individuals to call upon the government to address grievances or to advocate for changes in policy or legislation.

A principle of governance that prohibits the state from denying any person equal protection under the law, often used in civil rights cases.

A significant Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review, allowing the courts to invalidate laws that conflict with the Constitution.

A landmark Supreme Court case that ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, effectively overturning the precedent set by Plessy v. Ferguson.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that provides for the right to equal protection under the law and establishes citizenship for all persons born or naturalized in the United States.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex, ensuring women's suffrage.

The amendment that guarantees freedom of the press, allowing individuals and media to express their views and report information without government interference.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that prohibits the imposition of poll taxes in federal elections, which were historically used to disenfranchise poor voters.

The amendment that allows Congress to levy taxes on individual incomes without apportioning it among the states based on population.

The principle that guarantees individuals the right to seek legal remedies to protect their rights and interests, ensuring that every person can seek justice through the legal system.

The amendment that prohibits the government from denying any citizen the right to vote based on their age, ensuring that citizens 18 years or older can participate in elections.

The amendment to the U.S. Constitution that prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude, ensuring that all citizens can participate in the electoral process.

The amendment that prohibits the government from making laws that establish a national religion or impede the free exercise of religion by individuals.

The amendment that established the procedure for electing the President and Vice President, addressing issues that arose from the original Electoral College system used in early elections.

The constitutional principle that mandates a division of authority among the three branches of government: legislative, executive, and judicial.

The amendment that prohibits the imposition of excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishments, providing protections for individuals in the criminal justice system.

The clause in the U.S. Constitution that ensures laws made by the federal government take precedence over state laws in case of conflict.

The principle guaranteeing that laws enacted by the government must follow established legal procedures and protect individual rights, ensuring fairness in legal proceedings.

A system of government where the power is vested in the people, who rule either directly or through freely elected representatives.

An agreement that established a framework for the first government of the United States, which ultimately proved to be weak and ineffective.

A rebellion led by a former soldier to protest against economic injustices and the lack of government response, highlighting the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

An essay by James Madison that argues for the advantages of a large republic in controlling factions, emphasizing a system of governance that can balance various interests.

An essay by James Madison that focuses on the structure of government and the need for checks and balances to prevent any one branch from gaining too much power.

A document that critiques the proposed U.S. Constitution, expressing concerns about the potential for centralized power and the lack of protections for individual rights.

A group of individuals who support a strong central government and the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, favoring a system that encompasses broader powers.

A group that opposed the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, advocating for states' rights and greater individual liberties, concerned about the potential overreach of a central government.

A political party that typically supports a more progressive agenda, advocating for social justice, environmental protection, and civil rights.

A political party that traditionally emphasizes limited government, free markets, and individual liberties, often advocating for more conservative policies.

The foundational document that outlines the framework of the United States government, establishing its three branches and the rights of citizens.

A system of government that ensures that power is divided among different branches to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

The principle that government authority derives from the consent of the governed, meaning that the people have the power to influence government decisions.

A system of government where power is shared between a central authority and constituent political units, such as states.

A compromise during the Constitutional Convention that established a bicameral legislature, balancing the needs of both large and small states.

A compromise reached during the Constitutional Convention that determined how enslaved individuals would be counted for representation and taxation purposes.

A body established by the Constitution responsible for electing the President and Vice President of the United States, utilizing a unique voting system.

The introduction to the Constitution that outlines its purpose and guiding principles.

The section of the Constitution that outlines the process for making amendments, allowing for changes to be made in response to evolving societal needs.

The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution that guarantee individual liberties and rights to citizens.

An amendment that guarantees the right to free speech, religion, and assembly, among other fundamental freedoms.

An amendment that protects the right of individuals to keep and bear arms.

An amendment that prohibits the quartering of soldiers in private homes during peacetime without the owner's consent.

An amendment that protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures and sets requirements for search warrants based on probable cause.

An amendment that guarantees the right to due process, protection against self-incrimination, and double jeopardy.

An amendment that guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury in criminal cases.

An amendment that establishes the right to trial by jury in civil cases where the amount in controversy exceeds a specified threshold.

An amendment that prohibits excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishments.

An amendment that outlines that the enumeration of certain rights in the Constitution does not deny or disparage other rights retained by the people.

An amendment that reserves powers not delegated to the federal government to the states or the people, emphasizing the principle of federalism.

An amendment that grants immunity to states from being sued in federal court by citizens of another state or country.

An amendment that established the procedure for electing the President and Vice President, ensuring that they are elected on separate ballots.

An amendment that abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States, except as punishment for a crime.

An amendment that granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including former enslaved individuals, and provided equal protection under the laws.

An amendment that granted African American men the right to vote, prohibiting the denial of suffrage based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

An amendment that allows Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the U.S. Census.

An amendment that established the direct election of U.S. Senators by popular vote, rather than being chosen by state legislatures.

An amendment that prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States, marking the start of Prohibition.

An amendment that granted women the right to vote, marking a significant victory in the women's suffrage movement.

An amendment that established the terms of presidential and congressional terms, specifying the start and end dates for each.

An amendment that repealed Prohibition, effectively ending the ban on alcohol sales and consumption in the United States.

An amendment that limits the number of terms a person can serve as President of the United States, thus preventing any one individual from holding the office for an extended period.

An amendment that grants the District of Columbia the right to participate in presidential elections by allocating electors as if it were a state.

An amendment that prohibits the use of poll taxes in federal elections, thus removing a financial barrier that prevented many citizens from voting.

An amendment that establishes procedures for presidential succession and disability, clarifying what happens if a President is unable to perform their duties.

An amendment that granted the right to vote to citizens aged 18 years and older, significantly lowering the voting age and expanding democratic participation.

An amendment that outlines the procedure for Congressional pay increases, specifying that any change in compensation for members of Congress cannot take effect until after the next election.

A clause in the Constitution that prohibits the government from establishing an official religion or unduly favoring one religion over another.

A clause in the Constitution that protects individuals' rights to practice their religion freely without government interference.

The right to gather in groups for social, political, or cultural purposes, protected under the Constitution.

The right to disseminate information and express opinions through various media without government interference, as protected by the Constitution.

The constitutional right that allows individuals to petition the government for changes, grievances, or support, ensuring that their voices are heard by those in power.

A clause in the Constitution affirming that federal law takes precedence over state law when there is a conflict between the two.

A clause in the Constitution that grants Congress the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying out its enumerated powers.

A clause in the Constitution that empowers Congress to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the states, and with Indian tribes.

A landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review, allowing the courts to invalidate laws that are unconstitutional.

A pivotal Supreme Court case that ruled racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning the precedent set by Plessy v. Ferguson.

A Supreme Court case that determined that schools could not require students to recite a school-sponsored prayer, as it violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

A Supreme Court case that held that the Sixth Amendment requires that indigent criminal defendants be provided counsel at trial, even if they cannot afford one.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that students do not lose their First Amendment rights to freedom of speech when they enter school, as long as their expressions do not disrupt the educational process.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that the government could not restrict the press from publishing classified information unless it poses a direct threat to national security.

A Supreme Court case that ruled on the rights of Amish families to educate their children according to their religious beliefs, allowing them to withdraw their children from public school after the eighth grade.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that state legislative districts must be roughly equal in population, ensuring fair representation in government.

A Supreme Court case that determined that race could be considered in the college admissions process, but that rigid quotas were unconstitutional.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that government cannot restrict campaign spending by corporations and unions in elections, equating it to free speech.

A Supreme Court case that decided that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense.

A Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine, which was later overturned.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that laws prohibiting interracial marriage were unconstitutional, affirming the right to marry regardless of race.

A Supreme Court case that addressed the constitutionality of the Voting Rights Act and the preclearance requirement for changes to voting laws in jurisdictions with a history of discrimination.

A Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of a law mandating that people who are arrested must be informed of their rights to an attorney and against self-incrimination.

A Supreme Court case that determined that evidence obtained through unlawful searches and seizures is inadmissible in court, reinforcing the Fourth Amendment protections.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that the government could not impose restrictions on public employees' political speech outside of their official duties.

A Supreme Court case that established that a state law could not require public school students to pledge allegiance to the flag, asserting the right to free speech in educational settings.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that laws prohibiting the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy, marking a significant step in the recognition of privacy rights.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that the Constitution guarantees a woman's right to choose to have an abortion without excessive government restriction.

A Supreme Court case that declared that sexual orientation laws criminalizing same-sex intimate conduct were unconstitutional, establishing the right to privacy in personal relationships.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that state laws banning same-sex marriage were unconstitutional, recognizing the right of same-sex couples to marry.

A Supreme Court case that determined that public school officials could limit student speech in school-sponsored activities if the speech is inconsistent with the educational mission of the school.

A Supreme Court case that established that the government could not prohibit students from wearing armbands in school to protest the Vietnam War, affirming the right to free speech.

A Supreme Court case that determined that the government could not penalize students for expressing their political views at school-sponsored events, as long as the speech does not disrupt educational activities.

A Supreme Court case that reinforced the right to counsel in criminal cases, ruling that defendants have the right to legal representation even if they cannot afford it.

A Supreme Court case that established the standard for assessing whether a criminal defendant's Sixth Amendment right to counsel was violated due to ineffective assistance of their attorney.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that individuals have the right to privacy regarding their personal decisions, including the use of contraceptives and family planning.

A Supreme Court case that established that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment can be excluded from trial, reinforcing the principle of the exclusionary rule.

A Supreme Court case that determined that students in public schools have the right to free speech, as long as it does not disrupt the educational process.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that free speech rights do not extend to lewd or indecent speech in schools, emphasizing the role of schools in regulating student conduct.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that students could not be punished for displaying a banner advocating drug use at a school-sponsored event, affirming free speech rights.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that a woman has the right to choose to terminate her pregnancy under the right to privacy, striking down many state restrictions on abortion.

A Supreme Court case that determined that the Constitution guarantees same-sex couples the right to marry, stating that denying marriage rights to same-sex couples is unconstitutional.

A Supreme Court case that addressed the constitutionality of public school-sponsored prayers, ruling that such practices violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that the Fifth Amendment requires that individuals interrogated by police must be informed of their rights to remain silent and to have an attorney present.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that the police cannot conduct warrantless searches of private property without consent or probable cause.

A Supreme Court case that established principles regarding the right to bear arms, ruling that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to possess firearms unconnected with service in a militia.

A Supreme Court case that held that the law requiring police to inform individuals of their rights upon arrest must be followed to protect the individual's Fifth Amendment rights.

A Supreme Court case that determined that the exclusionary rule, which forbids the use of illegally obtained evidence in court, applies to state courts as well as federal courts.

A Supreme Court case that held that states cannot impose an undue burden on a woman's right to choose to have an abortion, thus reaffirming the principles established in Roe v. Wade.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that the First Amendment protects the right to free speech, including speech that may be considered offensive or controversial, particularly in a public forum.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that the Constitution's Establishment Clause prohibits public schools from sponsoring religious activities, ensuring the separation of church and state.

A Supreme Court case that determined that the government must provide a lawyer for defendants in criminal cases who cannot afford one, ensuring the right to fair legal representation.

A landmark Supreme Court case that ruled that a state law requiring parental consent for a minor to obtain an abortion was unconstitutional if it placed an undue burden on the minor's right to choose.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that individuals have the right to free speech in a public forum, even if that speech is considered offensive or controversial.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that students have the right to express themselves through symbolic speech, as long as it does not cause a significant disruption in the school environment.

A Supreme Court case that determined the use of quotas and racial preferences in college admissions is unconstitutional, emphasizing the importance of individualized review in the admission process.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that a state law that prohibited the use of affirmative action in college admissions violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

A Supreme Court case that established that the government may not prohibit the public display of symbolic speech, such as flag burning, as long as it does not incite violence.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that restrictions on the First Amendment right to free speech must serve a significant government interest and not be overly broad.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that states could not restrict the right of individuals to practice their religion freely, even if state laws conflicted with religious practices.

A Supreme Court case that held that government institutions cannot have policies that discriminate against a particular religion, specifically in reference to public displays and funding.

A Supreme Court case that determined that a law banning the sale of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy, recognizing that personal decisions regarding family planning should not be restricted by the government.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that the government could not impose excessive fines or cruel and unusual punishment, reinforcing the protections of the Eighth Amendment.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that a public official must show actual malice when suing for defamation, thereby promoting freedom of the press and speech.

A landmark Supreme Court case that determined that laws prohibiting same-sex marriage were unconstitutional, affirming the right of same-sex couples to marry nationwide.

A Supreme Court case that established that evidence obtained from an illegal search and seizure cannot be used in court, reinforcing the Fourth Amendment rights.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that the use of a property tax to fund public schools, which disproportionately affected minority students, violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that laws restricting the right to bear arms must have a clear justification and should not impose an undue burden on lawful gun ownership.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and that 'separate but equal' educational facilities are inherently unequal.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that the government could not prohibit the public display of symbolic speech, such as flag burning, as long as it does not incite violence.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that providing public funding to religious schools for educational purposes does not violate the Establishment Clause, provided that the funding is for secular activities.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that private property cannot be taken by the government for public use without just compensation, emphasizing the protection of property rights under the Fifth Amendment.

A Supreme Court case that established the 'exclusionary rule,' which prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in criminal trials, thereby enforcing the Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable searches.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that the First Amendment protects the right to engage in expressive conduct and that the government cannot regulate symbolic speech without a significant interest.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that the Constitution protects the right to free speech, including the right to criticize the government and public officials, as long as it does not involve actual malice.

A Supreme Court case that established that the government must provide counsel to defendants in criminal cases who cannot afford an attorney, reinforcing the right to a fair trial.

A Supreme Court case that determined that laws restricting the right to bear arms must not infringe upon an individual's constitutional right to possess firearms for personal self-defense.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits racial discrimination in voting practices, ensuring that all citizens have equal access to the ballot.

A Supreme Court case that ruled that the government cannot impose restrictions on free speech for students in public schools unless the speech would cause a significant disruption.

A Supreme Court case that determined that the Constitution's guarantees of due process and equal protection under the law safeguard against discrimination in the workplace based on race.