The gradual process by which something changes into a different form.

the process by which certain traits make it more possible for an organism to survive.

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

the evolution by which new species are formed.

the end of a species

when a population becomes better suited to its habitat

a method of blending into an environment.

biodiversity.

ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.

consists of all genes, including all the different alleles, that are present in a population

Preserved remains of once-living organisms

study of embryos and their development

same ancestor, different function, similar structure

Evidence of Evolution; (Are little or no importance to organism, but remain from an ancestor.)

different ancestor, similar function, different structure

a group of organisms have a common descendent

the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

Process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other

An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species

an organic macromolecule that is the main structural component of muscle, skin, bone, etc.

subunit or monomer of protein

A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.

The building block or subunit of a nucleic acid; contains a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

carbon-containing compounds that make up living tissue

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

protein that acts as a biological catalyst. Not used up in the reaction.

The part of an enzyme that attaches to a substrate

a type of lipid that helps to make up cell membranes

to change the structure of a protein so that it no longer functions in the same way

no membrane-bound organelles (no nucleus)

has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

powerhouse of the cell; organelle that is the site of energy production (cell respiration)

transportation system of the cell that carries materials around the cell

A structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell.

produce proteins for cell; found scattered in cytoplasm (fluid) or cell or attached to rough ER

organelle containing digestive enzymes that breaks down molecules in cell

organelle found only in plants; where photosynthesis occurs (capture sunlight and generate food source)

movement of substances across a membrane (from high to low concentration) that does NOT require energy; moves with concentration gradient

energy-requiring process that moves material across a semipermeable cell membrane against a concentration gradient

diffusion of water ONLY through a selectively permeable membrane; other particles cannot move so only water can equalize its concentration (thus why cell either shrivels or bursts)

movement of substance across selectively permeable membrane via carrier protein (protein in membrane which grabs and pulls substance through) and from high to low concentration

particles enter cell by invagination of cell membrane (think endo = enter)

particles leave cell by budding off of cell membrane (think exo = exit)

thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

property of biological membranes that allows some substances to pass across it while others cannot

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

the substance that is dissolved (in a solution)

Organism that can capture sunlight and use it to produce its own food; also called producer.

Organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes; also called a consumer.

compound used by cells to store and release energy

Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars

Light absorbing molecule.

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

Flattened membranes in the chloroplast where the light dependent reactions take place.

fluid-filled space outside the thylakoids in which light-dependent reactions take place

NADPH, NADH, FADH2

Reaction of photosynthesis that requires light; light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH

reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to turn carbon dioxide into glucose (sugar); also called the Calvin cycle

light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid

site of cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

Respiration in the absence of oxygen.

the anaerobic process by which yeasts and other microorganisms break down sugars to form carbon dioxide and ethanol

anaerobic cellular respiration that occurs in animals and some bacteria

Respiration that requires oxygen

second stage of cellular respiration

third stage of cellular respiration; produces the MOST energy (ATP)

the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back

process of converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb and use