Name 3 pathogens spread by blood and body fluids that are a major concern to healthcare workers.

Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C (HCV), and Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Hepatitis R Virus, HIV, and AIDS

Human Immunodeficiency Virus, AIDS, and Hepatitis B

What federal agency established standards for contamination with blood or body fluids that must be followed by all health care facilities?

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Centers for Disease Control (CDC)

World Health Organization (WHO)

Name 4 types of personal protective equipment (PPE) that an employer must provide:

Gloves, Gowns, Masks, Face Shields

Gloves, Clown Shoes, Face Shields, Lab Coats

Lab Coats, Lab Curtains, Masks, Face Shields

Lab Coats, Lab Rats, Face Shields, Gowns

Can a healthcare worker drink coffee in a laboratory where blood tests are performed?

No; Federal law prohibits eating and drinking in any area potentially contaminated by blood or body fluids.

Yes; Federal law allows eating and drinking only when it is deemed appropriate.

What responsibilities does an employer have if an employee is splashed with blood when a tube containing blood breaks?

Provide confidential medical evaluation and follow-up.

Provide lunch and dinner stipend.

List the 3 main requirements that employers must meet as a result of the Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act:

ID and use effective and safer medical devices, solicit input from nonmanagerial employees who are responsible for direct patient care, maintain a sharps injury log.

Identify the cause, use safety precautions, share a stipend of reimbursement.

Identify effective use of infection control, solicit nonmanagerial employees, and provide confidential medical evaluation and follow-up.

Share a stipend to reimburse medical expenses of the employee, Solicit input from nonmanagerial employees, contact the Centers for Disease Control on the employee.

When must standard precautions be used?

In a situation where health care providers may contact blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, mucous membranes, nonintact skin, and/or tissue or cell specimens.

In a situation where there will be hugging and kissing.

In a situation where there will be multiple hosts and susceptible parties.

In a situation where there will be sticky items such as candy, bodily fluids, and mucous.

Describe 4 situations when gloves must be used.

1.) Whenever contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions; 2.) handling any contaminated items or surfaces; 3.) performing invasive procedures; 4.) performing venipuncture or blood tests.

1.) Whenver contact with humans, 2.) Handling blood samples, 3.) Performing hugging activities, 4.) Performing venipuncture .

1.) Whenever performing invasive procedures, 2.) Inspecting the mouth, 3.) Blowing bubbles, 4.) Speaking with strangers.

1.) Performing invasive procedures, 2.) Handling soiled linen, 3.) Greeting patients, 4.) Doing cartwheels in the clinic.

When must gowns be worn?

During any procedure likely to cause splashing of blood, body fluids, secretions, or excretions.

During any procedure likely to cause expulsion of mucous, body fluids, soap, or bubbles.

During any procedure likely to cause cloudy skies.

During any procedure likely to cause happiness, depression, elation, and frustration.

Give 3 examples when masks, protective eyewear, gowns, and gloves must be used.

1.) Dental procedure, 2.) Delivery of baby, 3.) Surgical procedure

1.) Delivery of baby, 2.) Preparing food, 3.) Suctioning

1.) Suctioning, 2.) Irrigation of wounds, 3.) Wrapping gifts

1.) Irrigation of wounds, 2.) Preparing food, 3.) Suctioning

When must masks be changed?

1.) Every 30 minutes 2.) Any time they become moist or wet

1.) Every 45 minutes to an hour 2.) Any time they become moist or wet.

1.) Every 10 minutes 2.) Any time they become moist or wet.

1.) Any time they become moist or wet. 2.) Every 60 minutes.

How must needles and syringes be handles after use?

Left uncapped and placed in leakproof puncture-resistant sharps container.

Left capped and placed in a puncture-resistant sharps container.

Left uncapped and placed in a waste container.

Left capped and placed in a waste container.

During a blood test, some blood splashes on a laboratory counter. How must it be removed?

Put on gloves, wipe area with disposable cleaning cloths, and a disinfectant solution.

Wipe area with disposable cleaning cloths, put gloves on, and throw the items in a waste container.

Put on gloves, dispose of cleaning cloths, clean the area.

Put on gloves, throw the disposable cleaning cloth away, clean the area.

What is the purpose of mouth pieces / resuscitation devices?

Avoid the need for saliva-to-saliva resuscitation.

Avoid the need for cross contamination.

What must you do if you stick yourself with a contaminated needle?

Wait until your mother tells you to report it.

Wait until you begin to feel possible symptoms.

Unit 13:3 Observing Standard Precautions

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE The world is filled with familiar objects, such as tables, rocks, plants, pets, and automobiles. Which of these objects are living or were once living? What are the criteria for assigning something to the living world or the nonliving world? Biologists have established that living things share seven characteristics of life. These characteristics are organization and the presence of one or more cells, response to a stimulus (plural, stimuli), homeostasis, metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, and change through time. Organization and Cells Organization is the high degree of order within an organism’s internal and external parts and in its interactions with the living world. For example, compare an owl to a rock. The rock has a spe- cific shape, but that shape is usually irregular. Furthermore, differ- ent rocks, even rocks of the same type, are likely to have different shapes and sizes. In contrast, the owl is an amazingly organized individual, as shown in Figure 1-2. Owls of the same species have the same body parts arranged in nearly the same way and interact with the environment in the same way. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ORGANISM (Barn Owl) ORGAN (Owl’s Ear) TISSUE (Nervous Tissue Within the Ear) CELL (Nerve Cell) Every living organism has a level of organization. The different levels of organization for a complex multicellular organism, such as an owl, are shown in the figure below. FIGURE 1-2 THE SCIENCE OF LIFE 7 All living organisms, whether made up of one cell or many cells, have some degree of organization. A cell is the smallest unit that can perform all life’s processes. Some organisms, such as bacteria, are made up of one cell and are called unicellular (YOON-uh-SEL-yoo-luhr) organisms. Other organisms, such as humans or trees, are made up of multiple cells and are called multicellular (MUHL-ti-SEL-yoo-luhr) organisms. Complex multicellular organisms have the level of orga- nization shown in Figure 1-2. In the highest level, the organism is made up of organ systems, or groups of specialized parts that carry out a certain function in the organism. For example, an owl’s ner- vous system is made up of a brain, sense organs, nerve cells, and other parts that sense and respond to the owl’s surroundings. Organ systems are made up of organs. Organs are structures that carry out specialized jobs within an organ system. An owl’s ear is an organ that allows the owl to hear. All organs are made up of tissues. Tissues are groups of cells that have similar abilities and that allow the organ to function. For example, nervous tissue in the ear allows the ear to detect sound. Tissues are made up of cells. A cell must be covered by a membrane, contain all genetic information necessary for replication, and be able to carry out all cell functions. Within each cell are organelles. Organelles are tiny structures that carry out functions necessary for the cell to stay alive. Organelles contain biological molecules, the chemical compounds that provide physical structure and that bring about movement, energy use, and other cellular functions. All biological molecules are made up of atoms. Atoms are the simplest particle of an ele- ment that retains all the properties of a certain element. Response to Stimuli Another characteristic of life is that an organism can respond to a stimulus—a physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment. For example, an owl dilates its pupils to keep the level of light entering the eye constant. Organisms must be able to respond and react to changes in their environment to stay alive. ORGANELLE (Mitochondrion) BIOLOGICAL MOLECULE (Phospholipid) ATOM (Oxygen) cell from the Latin, cella meaning “small room,” or “hut” Word Roots and Origins www.scilinks.org Topic: Characteristics of Life Keyword: HM60257 mb06se_bios01.qxd 5/18/07 10:37 AM Page 7 8 CHAPTER 1 Homeostasis All living things, from single cells to entire organisms, have mecha- nisms that allow them to maintain stable internal conditions. Without these mechanisms, organisms can die. For example, a cell’s water content is closely controlled by the taking in or releas- ing of water. A cell that takes in too much water will rupture and die. A cell that doesn’t get enough water will also shrivel and die. Homeostasis (HOH-mee-OH-STAY-sis) is the maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing. Organisms have regulatory systems that maintain internal conditions, such as temperature, water content, and uptake of nutrients by the cell. In fact, multi- cellular organisms usually have more than one way of maintain- ing important aspects of their internal environment. For example, an owl’s temperature is maintained at about 40°C (104°F). To keep a constant temperature, an owl’s cells burn fuel to produce body heat. In addition, an owl’s feathers can fluff up in cold weather. In this way, they trap an insulating layer of air next to the bird’s body to maintain its body temperature. Metabolism Living organisms use energy to power all the life processes, such as repair, movement, and growth. This energy use depends on metabolism (muh-TAB-uh-LIZ-uhm). Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment. For example, plants, algae, and some bacteria use the sun’s energy to generate sugar molecules during a process called photosynthesis. Some organisms depend on obtaining food energy from other organisms. For instance, an owl’s metabolism allows the owl to extract and modify the chemi- cals trapped in its nightly prey and use them as energy to fuel activities and growth. Growth and Development All living things grow and increase in size. Some nonliving things, such as crystals or icicles, grow by accumulating more of the same material of which they are made. In contrast, the growth of living things results from the division and enlargement of cells. Cell division is the formation of two new cells from an existing cell, as shown in Figure 1-3. In unicellular organisms, the primary change that occurs following cell division is cell enlargement. In multi- cellular life, however, organisms mature through cell division, cell enlargement, and development. Development is the process by which an organism becomes a mature adult. Development involves cell division and cell differen- tiation, or specialization. As a result of development, an adult organism is composed of many cells specialized for different func- tions, such as carrying oxygen in the blood or hearing. In fact, the human body is composed of trillions of specialized cells, all of which originated from a single cell, the fertilized egg. This unicellular organism, Escherichia coli, inhabits the human intestines. E. coli reproduces by means of cell division, during which the original cell splits into two identical offspring cells. FIGURE 1-3 Observing Homeostasis Materials 500 mL beakers (3), wax pen, tap water, thermometer, ice, hot water, goldfish, small dip net, watch or clock with a second hand Procedure 1. Use a wax pen to label three 500 mL beakers as follows: 27°C (80°F), 20°C (68°F), 10°C (50°F). Put 250 mL of tap water in each beaker. Use hot water or ice to adjust the tem- perature of the water in each beaker to match the temperature on the label. 2. Put the goldfish in the beaker of 27°C water. Record the number of times the gills move in 1 minute. 3. Move the goldfish to the beaker of 20°C water. Repeat observations. Move the goldfish to the beaker of 10°C. Repeat observations. Analysis What happens to the rate at which gills move when the temp- erature changes? Why? How do gills help fish maintain homeostasis? Quick Lab mb06se_bios01.qxd 5/18/07 10:37 AM Page 8 THE SCIENCE OF LIFE 9 Reproduction All organisms produce new organisms like themselves in a process called reproduction. Reproduction, unlike other characteristics, is not essential to the survival of an individual organism. However, because no organism lives forever, reproduction is essential for the continuation of a species. Glass frogs, as shown in Figure 1-4, lay many eggs in their lifetime. However, only a few of the frogs’ off- spring reach adulthood and successfully reproduce. During reproduction, organisms transmit hereditary informa- tion to their offspring. Hereditary information is encoded in a large molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. A short segment of DNA that contains the instructions for a single trait of an organism is called a gene. DNA is like a large library. It contains all the books—genes—that the cell will ever need for making all the struc- tures and chemicals necessary for life. Hereditary information is transferred to offspring during two kinds of reproduction. In sexual reproduction, hereditary information recombines from two organisms of the same species. The resulting offspring are similar but not identical to their parents. For example, a male frog’s sperm can fertilize a female’s egg and form a single fer- tilized egg cell. The fertilized egg then develops into a new frog. In asexual reproduction, hereditary information from different organisms is not combined; thus the original organism and the new organism are genetically the same. A bacterium, for example, reproduces asexually when it splits into two identical cells. Change Through Time Although individual organisms experience many changes during their lifetime, their basic genetic characteristics do not change. However, populations of living organisms evolve or change through time. The ability of populations of organisms to change over time is important for survival in a changing world. This factor is also impor- tant in explaining the diversity of life-forms we see on Earth today.

Unit 13.3

Unit 13: Prepositional Phrases 13.3

Bk 3B Unit 13.3 Compounds and mixtures

Unit 13 (Lesson 3)

3.13 Unit 3 Test Review Pt 1 Questions 4-6

3.13 Unit 3 Test Review Pt 1 Questions 19-20

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