If you ___ (study) harder, you would have passed the exam.

If he ___ (ask) her out, she would have said yes.

If I ___ (be) better prepared, I could have answered the question.

We ___ (travel) to Europe last summer.

She ___ (be) to Paris three times already since she graduated college.

Infer the meaning of the word "Subtlety" based on the context clues provided in the paragraphs. Paragraph 1 (Character Reaction): She noticed the faintest shift in tone that revealed more than the words themselves. Paragraph 2 (Cause and Effect): Because the painter adjusted the lighting slightly, the expression changed in ways only attentive viewers caught. Paragraph 3 (Contrast): While broad gestures dominated other works, this one relied on tiny distinctions.

Infer the meaning of the word "Perfunctory" based on the context clues provided in the paragraphs. Paragraph 1 (Character Reaction): His greeting carried no warmth, delivered out of obligation rather than interest. Paragraph 2 (Cause and Effect): Because he reviewed the documents only briefly, important errors slipped past him. Paragraph 3 (Contrast): While others worked carefully, her contribution felt automatic and devoid of attention.

Infer the meaning of the word "Insurmountable" based on the context clues provided in the paragraphs. Paragraph 1 (Character Reaction): She stared at the mountain of paperwork, knowing she would never finish by the deadline. Paragraph 2 (Cause and Effect): Because the environmental damage was so severe, restoration efforts seemed hopeless. Paragraph 3 (Contrast): While other hurdles were minor, this one blocked every possible path.

Infer the meaning of the word "Alluded" based on the context clues provided in the paragraphs. Paragraph 1 (Character Reaction): With a smile, she mentioned something that suggested a deeper story. Paragraph 2 (Cause and Effect): Because the speaker referenced the past lightly, listeners had to infer the rest. Paragraph 3 (Contrast): While others spoke directly, he slipped in quiet references.

Infer the meaning of the word "Perceptible" based on the context clues provided in the paragraphs. Paragraph 1 (Character Reaction): She detected a slight tremor in the ground before others felt any movement. Paragraph 2 (Cause and Effect): Because light filtered through the fog, shapes emerged faintly. Paragraph 3 (Contrast): While some patterns remained hidden, this one revealed itself subtly.

Infer the meaning of the word "Vigilance" based on the context clues provided in the paragraphs. Paragraph 1 (Character Reaction): She checked every lock twice before leaving home. Paragraph 2 (Cause and Effect): Because the guard watched diligently, no intruders entered. Paragraph 3 (Contrast): While others ignored signs, he noticed every detail.

Infer the meaning of the word "Pungent" based on the context clues provided in the paragraphs. Paragraph 1 (Character Reaction): She wrinkled her nose as the sharp scent filled the kitchen. Paragraph 2 (Cause and Effect): Because the herbs were freshly chopped, their smell spread through the room. Paragraph 3 (Contrast): While some dishes smelled mild, this one carried a sharp odor.

Infer the meaning of the word "Adverse" based on the context clues provided in the paragraphs. Paragraph 1 (Character Reaction): When the winds intensified, hikers realized the conditions would work against them. Paragraph 2 (Cause and Effect): Because the market shifted, the company suffered steep losses. Paragraph 3 (Contrast): While the first team worked with supportive circumstances, the second faced constant obstacles.

Infer the meaning of the word "Implicit" based on the context clues provided in the paragraphs. Paragraph 1 (Character Reaction): She didn’t explain her rule, but everyone followed it instinctively. Paragraph 2 (Cause and Effect): Because trust already existed, neither felt the need to clarify what agreement meant. Paragraph 3 (Contrast): While other instructions were detailed, this one was simply understood.

Infer the meaning of the word "Sophisticated" based on the context clues provided in the paragraphs. Paragraph 1 (Character Reaction): The software’s layered features impressed even the experts. Paragraph 2 (Cause and Effect): Because the design used advanced engineering, the device ran smoothly. Paragraph 3 (Contrast): While earlier models were simple, this one reflected great refinement.

Researchers compared two types of coastal algae parasites during unusually warm summers. Parasite Type A must pass through three different marine hosts and is shielded within each host during transmission. Parasite Type B is transmitted directly through open water and is fully exposed to environmental conditions. Ten years of observations showed that as water temperatures rose, Type A’s population declined substantially, while Type B’s population remained nearly constant. Proposed Conclusion: These findings suggest that being protected inside hosts during transmission gives parasites a major advantage under rising temperatures. Question: Is the proposed conclusion logically correct?

Estonia’s higher inflation relative to Senegal challenges the idea that strong democracies and low inequality guarantee low inflation. A global analysis, however, found democratic strength restrains inflation only when inequality is sufficiently low. This means Estonia–Senegal inflation gaps depend on inequality differences as well as governance. Proposed Conclusion: Both inequality and democratic strength jointly determine cross-country inflation differences. Question: Is the proposed conclusion logically correct?

Marine biologists studying an estuary documented a sudden rise in juvenile fish populations. The only environmental change that year was a dramatic decline in an invasive crab species known to prey heavily on fish larvae. All other conditions remained stable. Proposed Conclusion: The invasive crab decline most likely caused the surge in juvenile fish. Question: Is the proposed conclusion logically correct?

Neuroscientists studied whether whisker-density differences in rats influence their ability to detect structured tactile patterns. Rats touched textured plates, smooth plates, and scrambled composite plates. Some showed sharper neural distinctions. Researchers concluded whisker density might explain the differences. Proposed Conclusion: Rats with denser whiskers detect structured textures more effectively. Question: Is the proposed conclusion logically correct?

Differences in captive vs wild primate handedness remain inconclusive. Captive animals often show strong side biases, but the two primary studies each evaluated just 8 subjects. Statistical reliability requires 70 individuals. Proposed Conclusion: Neither study contained enough individuals to support population-level interpretations. Question: Is the proposed conclusion logically correct?

A cognitive-science team tested how different display formats influence temperature estimation. Participants using analog thermometer illustrations consistently provided more accurate estimates than those using numerical digital displays. Proposed Conclusion: Analog formats lead to more accurate temperature estimation than digital formats in this experiment. Question: Is the proposed conclusion logically correct?

Agricultural researchers found that a crop-eating insect developed a mutation allowing it to metabolize widely used pesticide. The mutation appeared first in regions of heavy pesticide use and spread outward. Genetic drift could not explain the geographic precision. Proposed Conclusion: The mutation most likely evolved due to strong selective pressure from pesticide exposure. Question: Is the proposed conclusion logically correct?

A playwright created a stage production that blends archival documents with fictionalized dialogue. Though widely labeled “docudrama,” some audience members misunderstood it as literal transcript. The playwright noted that this confusion arose from audience expectations about genre. Proposed Conclusion: Such viewers may conclude the playwright fabricated key dialogue while claiming it was strictly factual. Question: Is the proposed conclusion logically correct?

A lake’s fish population declined for ten years. Pollution levels rose only during the most recent two years; the first eight years of decline occurred when pollution was low and stable. Proposed Conclusion: Pollution was not the initial cause of the fish population decline. Question: Is the proposed conclusion correct?

A regional survey of boutique coffee shops found that limited-edition seasonal drinks drove significantly higher sales than permanent menu items. Customers reported novelty influenced their purchase decisions. Proposed Conclusion: All beverage industries see limited-edition products outperform regular offerings. Question: Is the proposed conclusion logically correct?