Macroeconomics approaches the study of economics from the viewpoint of

the operation of specific product and resource markets

Which of the following is associated with macroeconomics?

an empirical investigation of the general price level and unemployment rates since 1990

a case study of pricing and production in the textbook industry

a study of the trend of pecan prices since the Second World War

an examination of the incomes of Harvard Business School graduates

the sum of all monetary transactions involving final goods and services that occur in the economy in a year

the sum of all monetary transactions that occur in the economy in a year

the amount of production that occurs when the economy is operating at full employment

money GDP adjusted for inflation

the nominal value of all goods and services produced in the domestic economy corrected for inflation or deflation

the nominal value of all goods and services produced in the economy

GDP data that reflect changes in both physical output and the price level

always greater than nominal GDP

a comparison of the price of a market basket from a fixed point of reference

the cost of a market basket of goods and services in a base period divided by the cost of the same market basket in another period

a comparison of real GDP in one period relative to another

a ratio of real GDP to nominal GDP

Coach Allen voluntarily quit his job as an insurance agent to return to school full-time to earn an MBA degree. With degree in hand, Coach Allen is now searching for a position in management. Coach Allen presently is

not a member of the labor force

To be officially unemployed, a person must

be waiting to be called back from a layoff

The labor force includes

employed workers and persons who are officially unemployed

full-time workers, but excludes part-time workers

employed workers, but excludes persons who are officially unemployed

permanent employees, but excludes temporary employees

The labor force consists of all persons

16 years of age and older who are working or actively seeking work

21 years of age and older who are working

People who are not working will be counted as employed if they are

absent from their job because of a labor dispute

absent from their job because of bad weather

The number of people officially unemployed is NOT the same as the number of people who can't find a job because

discouraged workers are not counted

people who have jobs continue to look for better ones

Structural unemployment is caused by

shift in the economy that make certain job skills obsolete

temporary layoffs in industries such as construction

short-term changes in the economy

the impact of the business cycle on job opportunities

Which of the following groups typically has the highest unemployment rate?

African-American men and women as a group

Persons who completed high school

Unit 5 -Economic Indicators Test Review

It is a basic unit of life in the smallest structure capable of basic life processes such as taking and nutrients expelling waste and reproducing is sometimes called the building block of life. a. Organ c. Cell b. DNA d. Nucleus 2. It surrounds the cell that separates the material outside the cell from the material inside the cell that maintains the integrity of cell and controls passage of materials into and out of the cell. a. Cell Membrane c. Vacuoles b. Cell Wall d. Endoplasmic Reticulum 3. He was a Greek Philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexader the Great, also considered as the father of biology. a. Theophrastus c. Aristotle b. Matthias Schleiden d. Theodore Schwann 4. It is the functional role of a species in a community that is its occupation or how it earns its living. a. Ecosystem c. Niche b. Work d. Occupation 5. Indicates the total amount of energy present in each trophic level that shows the loss of energy from one trophic level to the next. a. Energy pyramid c. Food Pyramid b. Taxonomy d. Biomass 6. German physiologist who contributes that animal is made up of lot of cells the discovery of the organic nature of yeast and invention of the term metabolism. a. Rudolf Virchow c. Aristotle b. Matthias Schleiden d. Theodore Schwann 7. The first person who use the term cells for the tiny structures found in organisms and observe a piece of cork by the use of microscope which he himself had made. a. Rudolf Virchow c. Robert Hooke b. Matthias Schleiden d. Theodore Schwann 8. It refers to the theory about the origin of life which life originated spontaneously from non-living things. a. Marine Theory c. Divine Creation Theory b. Evolutionary Theory d. Abiogenesis Theory 9. Life originated from outer planets in a form of a resistance poor propelled by radiation pressure reach earth and started the first form of life. a. Marine Theory c. Divine Creation Theory b. Cosmozoic Theory d. Abiogenesis Theory 10. He conducted an experiment with nutrient both and curved neck flask to finally disprove spontaneous generation. a. Louis Pasteur c. Lazzaro Spallanzani b. Francesco Redi d. John Needham

Ions Ions are charged substances that have formed through the gain or loss of electrons. Cations form from the loss of electrons and have a positive charge while anions form through the gain of electrons and have a negative charge. Cation Formation Cations are the positive ions formed by the loss of one or more electrons. The most commonly formed cations of the representative elements are those that involve the loss of all of the valence electrons. Consider the alkali metal sodium (Na) . It has one valence electron in the n=3 energy level. Upon losing that electron, the sodiu ion now has an octet of electrons from the second energy level and a charge of 1+ . The electron arrangement of the sodium ion is now the same as that of the noble gas neon. Consider a similar process with magnesium and aluminum. In this case, the magnesium atom loses its two valence electrons in order to achieve the same arrangement as the noble gas neon and a charge of 2+ . The aluminum atom loses its three valence electrons to have the same electron arrangement as neon and a charge of 3+ . For representative elements under typical conditions, three electrons is usually the maximum number that will be los. Representative elements will not lose electrons beyond their valence because they would have to "break" the octet of the previous energy level which provides stability to the ion. Anions Anions are the negative ions formed from the gain of one or more electrons. When nonmetal atoms gain elections, they often do so until their outermost principal energy level achieves an octet. For fluorine, which has an electron arrangement of (2, 7), it only needs to gain one electron to have the same electron arrangement as neon. Forming an octet (eight electrons in the outer shell) provides stability to the atom. Fluorine will gain one electron and have a charge of 1− . The electron arrangement of the fluoride ion (2, 8) will also change to reflect the gain of an electron. Oxygen has an electron arrangement of (2, 6) and needs to gain two electrons to fill the n=2 energy level and achieve an octet of electrons in the outermost shell. The oxide ion will have a charge of 2− as a result of gaining two electrons. Under typical conditions, three electrons is the maximum that will be gained in the formation of anions. Subatomic Particles in an Ion Since ions form from the gain or loss of electrons, we can also look at the number of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons) found in an ion. Remember that the number of protons determines the identity of the element and will not change in a chemical process. Example 2.5.1 How many protons, neutrons, and electrons in a single oxide (O2−) ion? Solution Oxygen has the atomic number 8 so both the atom and the ion will have 8 protons. The average atomic mass of oxygen is 16. Therefore, there will be 8 neutrons (atomic mass−atomic number=neutrons) . A neutral oxygen atom would have 8 electrons. However, the anion has gained two electrons so O2− has 10 electrons. We can also use information about the subatomic particles to determine the identity of an ion. Example 2.5.2 An ion with a 2+ charge has 18 electrons. Determine the identity of the ion. Solution If an ion has a 2+ charge then it must have lost electrons to form the cation. If the ion has 18 electrons and the atom lost 2 to form the ion, then the neutral atom contained 20 electrons. Since it was neutral, it must also have had 20 protons. Therefore the element is calcium. Polyatomic Ions A polyatomic ion is an ion composed of two or more atoms that have a charge as a group (poly = many). The ammonium ion (see figure below) consists of one nitrogen atom and four hydrogen atoms. Together, they comprise a single ion with a 1+ charge and a formula of NH+4 . The hydroxide ion (see figure below) contains one hydrogen atom and one oxygen atom with an overall charge of 1− . The carbonate ion (see figure below) consists of one carbon atom and three oxygen atoms and carries an overall charge of 2− . The formula of the carbonate ion is CO2−3 . The atoms of a polyatomic ion are tightly bonded together and so the entire ion behaves as a single unit. The figures below show several examples. Soult Screenshot 2-2-1.png Figure 2.5.1 : The ammonium ion (NH+4) is a nitrogen atom (blue) bonded to four hydrogen atoms (white). Soult Screenshot 2-2-2.png Figure 2.5.2 : The hydroxide ion (OH−) is an oxygen atom (red) bonded to a hydrogen atom. Soult Screenshot 2-2-3.png Figure 2.5.3 : The carbonate ion (CO2−3) is a carbon atom (black) bonded to three oxygen atoms. The table below lists a number of polyatomic ions by name and by structure. The heading for each column indicates the charge on the polyatomic ions in that group. Note that the vast majority of the ions listed are anions - there are very few polyatomic cations. 1− 2− 3− 1+ Table 2.5.1 : Common Polyatomic Ions acetate, CH3COO− carbonate, CO2−3 arsenate, AsO3−3 ammonium, NH+4 bromate, BrO−3 chromate, CrO2−4 phosphite, PO3−3 chlorate, ClO−3 dichromate, Cr2O2−7 phosphate, PO3−4 chlorite, ClO−2 hydrogen phosphate, HPO2−4 cyanide, CN− oxalate, C2O2−4 dihydrogen phosphate, H2PO−4 peroxide, O2−2 hydrogen carbonate, HCO−3 silicate, SiO2−3 hydrogen sulfate, HSO−4 sulfate, SO2−4 hydrogen sulfide, HS− sulfite, SO2−3 hydroxide, OH− hypochlorite, ClO− nitrate, NO−3 nitrite, NO−2 perchlorate, ClO−4 permanganate, MnO−4 The vast majority of polyatomic ions are anions, many of which end in -ate or -ite. Notice that in some cases such as nitrate (NO−3) and nitrite (NO−2) , there are multiple anions that consist of the same two elements. In these cases, the difference between the ions is the number of oxygen atoms present, while the overall charge is the same. As a class, these are called oxyanions. When there are two oxyanions for a particular element, the one with the greater number of oxygen atoms gets the -ate suffix, while the one with the fewer number of oxygen atoms gets the -ite suffix. The four oxyanions of chlorine are shown below, which also includes the use of the prefixes hypo- and per-. ClO− , hypochlorite ClO−2 , chlorite ClO−3 , chlorate ClO−4 , perchlorate Not your usual ion Soult Screenshot 2-2-4.png "Drink you milk. It's good for your bones." We're told this from early childhood, and with good reason. Milk contains a good supply of calcium, part of the structure of bone. However, there are two other ionic components of hydroxyapatite, the mineral component. Phosphate ion and hydroxide ion make up the remainder of the inorganic material in bone. News You Can Use Bone is a very complex structure. It is composed of protein (mainly collagen), hydroxyapatite (a calcium-phosphate-hydroxide mixture), some other minerals, and contains 10 - 20% water. The calcium/phosphate ratios are not stoichiometric, but vary somewhat from one portion of bone to the next. Bones are very strong but will break under enough stress. Regular exercise and proper nutrition help to increase bone strength. Watch a video about bone structure at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9owEvYdouk Nitrate is an anion with a complex bonding structure. Major sources for this ion in drinking water are runoff from fertilizer, septic tank leakage, sewage, and natural deposits. High concentrations of nitrates represent a significant health hazard, especially to infants. The nitrate in the body is converted to nitrite, which then binds to hemoglobin. This binding decreases the ability of hemoglobin to transport oxygen, thus depriving the cells of the O2 needed for proper functioning. Cyanide production is widespread throughout nature. Forest fires will produce significant amounts of cyanide. Many plants contain cyanide, and it is produced by a number of bacteria, algae, and fungi. Cyanide is used industrially in metal finishing, iron and steel mills, and in organic synthesis processes. This material is also an important component for the refining of precious metals. Formation of a complex between cyanide and gold allows extraction of this metal from a mixture.

Unit 5

unit : 5

110.31.b.17.C

Topic: Reading/Vocabulary Development

STAAR English II High School 2014 - Past Paper

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