A process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. The term often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities.

Those products or services of an urban economy that are exported outside the city itself, earning income for the community.

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood.

The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge.

The strength of an urban center in its capacity to attract produce and consumers to its facilities; a city's "reach" into the surrounding region

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

Model created by EW Burgess in 1923, which explains that a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings, like the growth rings on a tree.

Occurs when the market becomes saturated with a particular industry, creating too much competition and forcing some businesses to shut down.

According to Griffin and Ford, a relatively stable slum area that radiates from the central market to the outermost zone of peripheral squatter settlements. Consists of high-density shantytowns.

A term introduced by American journalist Joel Garreau in order to describe the shifting focus of urbanization in the United States away from the Central Business District toward new loci of economic activity at the urban fringe. These cities are characterized by extensive amounts of office and retail space, few residential areas and modern buildings. Located close to major highways.

A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner to abandonment.

Urban neighborhoods and rural towns without ready access to fresh, healthy, and affordable food. Instead of supermarkets and grocery stores, these communities may have no food access or are served only by fast food restaurants and convenience stores that offer few healthy, affordable food options.

The trend of middle- and upper-income Americans moving into city centers and rehabilitating much of the architecture but also replacing low-income populations, and changing the social character of certain neighborhoods.

A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

A model of the Latin American city showing a blend of traditional elements of Latin American culture with the forces of globalization that are reshaping the urban scene.

Literally, "country behind," a term that applies to a surrounding area served by an urban center.

Analyzed how each period in the history of American urbanization revolves around a form of transportation and how transportation affects growth rates in American cities. Proposed four eras - Sail/Wagon; Iron-Horse; Steel Rail; Auto-Air.

An extensive concentration of urbanized settlement formed by a coalescence of several metropolitan areas. The term is commonly applied to the urbanized northeastern seaboard of the U.S. extending from Boston, MA to Washington, D.C.

Created by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1940s, it's a model that suggests that the CBD is losing its dominant position. A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities. There are nine different zones: 1. CBD 2. Wholesale, Light Manufacturing 3. Low-Class Residential 4. Medium-Class Residential 5. High-Class Residential 6. Heavy Manufacturing 7. Outlying BD 8. Residential Suburb 9. Industrial Suburb.

Outlined by a group of architects, urban planners, and developers from over 20 countries, an urban design that calls for development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs.

Those economic activities of a city that supply the resident population with goods and services and that have no "export" implications.

A model of North American urban areas, created by Chauncey Harris, consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road. There are eight different zones: 1. Central City 2. Suburban Residential 3. Shopping Mall 4. Industrial District 5. Office Park 6. Service Center 7. Airport Complex 7. Combined Employment & Shopping Center.

A country's largest city-ranking atop the urban hierarchy-most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital as well.

Real estate agents advising customers to purchase homes in neighborhoods depending on their race.

In a model urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy.

A discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. The practice derived its name from the red lines depicted on cadastral maps used by real estate agents and developers.

The model of urban land use developed by Homer Hoyt that shows urban growth in pie-shaped wedges, or sectors, based on transportation improvements

The physical character of a place.

The location of a place relative to other places.

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own. Ex: Shantytown

A subsidiary urban area surrounding and connected to the central city. Many are exclusively residential; others have their own commercial centers or shopping malls.

The southern and southwestern states, from the Carolinas to California, characterized by warm climate and recently, rapid population growth.

A ranking of settlements (hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis) according to their size and economic functions.

Model developed by James Vance postulation that a simplified description of urban land use, especially descriptive of the modern North American city. it features a number of dispersed, peripheral centers of dynamic commercial and industrial activity linked by sophisticated urban transportation networks.

Unrestricted growth in many American urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning.

Tendency of wealthy and middle-class whites to migrate to suburban areas outside of cities in order to escape the poverty, pollution, and crime of minority-dominant inner-city areas.

Centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce.

In the Griffin-Ford, the area that incorporates less expensive homes and businesses seem to be in a chronic state of ongoing construction and renovation.

Many of today’s emerging megacities, such as Rio de Janeiro and Guangzhou, are actually not one distinct city but

In central place theory, range, or the maximum distance a consumer will travel to buy a good, is proportional to

Christaller’s central place theory explains that settlements will form in a triangular/hexagonal lattice, with the geometric shapes forming

A common violation of the rank-size rule occurs when the largest, or primate, city of a country is not much bigger than

Central place theory lost ground in the 20th century as city networks came to be seen as determining the importance of cities more than

An excellent example of a primate city is

A greenbelt policy encourages a city to curb the amount of construction on a city’s edges to encourage growth in

Th e concentric zone model provided a way for urban residents to gradually move up economically and socially by allowing them

In Harris and Ullman’s multiple-nuclei model, a city could be understood as lacking a central business district if

Christaller’s central place theory, which provides a reason why a certain number of human settlements exist in an urban system, assumes that all consumers

In contrast to urban land use patterns in the United States, the poor in many Latin American cities live in