passed by Federalists during John Adams' presidency in order to silence Democratic-Republicans; part of these laws (alien) targeted immigrants; part of these laws (sedition) made it illegal to criticize the government in print, which violated the 1st Amendment

tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr (both Democratic-Republicans) in the Electoral College; presidency was decided by the House of Representatives, who chose Jefferson on the 36th vote

POTUS #3; believed in a smaller federal government and was against government debt; he reduced the number of federal employees and reduced the military

Supreme Court case that established judicial review, which states that the Supreme Court has the final say in deciding if a law is constitutional or not

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court for many years; presided over Marbury case

land west of the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains; included the port city of New Orleans; bought it from France in 1803; explored by Lewis and Clark; Jefferson hesitated before buying it because it was not a power given to the POTUS by the Constitution (strict interpretation)

I - impressments; S - seizing US ships; S - supplying Native Americans

W - weakened Native resistance, I - Industry increased (due to blockade), N - nationalism & patriotism

told European countries that they are not allowed to colonize in the Western Hemisphere (the Americas); US became the protector of Latin America

agreement reached in Congress (written by Henry Clay) in order to maintain the balance of free and slave states in Congress; Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine as a free state; it also banned slavery North of the 36°30ˊ latitude

The Supreme Court ruled the federal government has the authority to regulate interstate commerce (businesses that cross state lines); gives more power to the federal government.

The Supreme Court ruled a state can't tax its branch of the national bank; gave more power to the federal government.

Eli Whitney; allowed for cotton to be cleaned at a much quicker pace; resulted in an increase in the planting of cotton, which led to a much larger demand for slaves on plantations in order to pick the cotton

Samuel F.B. Morse; allowed people to communicate over long distances; increased national unity

Robert Fulton; allowed much quicker travel (including upstream); increased national unity

John Deere; resulted in more efficient farming

the idea of spreading political power to "common man" - most states no longer required property ownership to vote (did still have to be a white man). Jackson was supported by farmers and factory workers and his election in 1828 put an end to the idea that the government should be run by an educated elite.

political party formed after Jackson lost the election of 1824 to John Quincy Adams (which he blamed on the "corrupt bargain") the Era of Good Feelings was over and the Democratic Republican Party split

formed by Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and other Jackson opponents who were against the concentration of power in the chief executive (they felt like Jackson had too much power as a president)

military hero in War of 1812 (Battle of New Orleans); powerful POTUS who handled the Nullification Crisis, removed the Native Americans and killed the National Bank

giving government jobs to political backers (Jackson was criticized for doing this)

the forced journey of the Cherokee from their homeland in Georgia to the Indian Territory; thousands of Cherokee died on this harsh march

The Supreme Court ruled that only the federal government could deal with Indian Nations so Georgia state laws to move them out were invalid. Jackson's response was "John Marshall has made his ruling, now let him enforce it." Eventually Cherokees would be forced to leave due to the Indian Removal Act

name the Southerners gave the tax on imports that raised the price of imported raw materials and manufactured goods. Southerners were very angry because they were selling cotton at low prices and having to pay high prices for imported manufactured goods due to their trade agreements with European nations (cotton for credit). Southerners felt like the Northeast was controlling national policy when it came to economics.

South Carolina voted to nullify the tariff and even began talk of secession; Jackson used threat of military force to handle the crisis and Henry Clay proposed a compromise for a lower tariff

debate over the doctrine of states' rights/nullification, which centered on whether or not a state has the right to reject a national law. Daniel Webster, a Senator from Massachusetts, argued against nullification. Robert Hayne, a senator from South Carolina, argued for nullification. Webster said that the Union is made up of people not states.

U.S. president during Mexican-American War; after Texas was annexed, he sent troops to disputed border area of the Rio Grande River; when troops were ambushed by Mexican soldiers, he asked Congress to declare war against Mexico

term coined by journalist John O'Sullivan; the commonly held belief that westward expansion to the Pacific Ocean was not only good but it was bound to happen (inevitable)

U.S. and Great Britain both claimed it; rather than go to war over it, they agreed to split it at the 49th parallel

large area of land received by the U.S. as a result of the Mexican War (includes present-day California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Colorado)

treaty that ended the Mexican War; gave Mexican Cession to U.S

Five years after the U.S. received the Mexican Cession, it bought a strip of land across southern Arizona and New Mexico in order to run the transcontinental railroad. The U.S. paid Mexico $10 million for this land. This purchase completed the continental United States.

occurred in California in 1849: thousands of Americans moved there including many Chinese immigrants in hopes to get rich; greatly affected California's population - large enough to apply for statehood by 1850.

a miner who went to California to take part in the California gold rush

painted scenery from nature

American philosophy; the spiritual world is more important than the material world and that people can find truth within themselves through feeling and intuition.

to not obey laws one considers to be unjust as a form of nonviolent protest

transcendentalist who did not support the U.S. government's allowance of slavery and its war with Mexico, he protested by refused to pay his taxes (civil disobedience) and was jailed for a short time because of this

the movement to end slavery. By 1804 most Northern states had outlawed slavery, and the U.S. Congress outlawed the importation of African slaves in 1807.

A former slave who became famous for his eloquent speeches against slavery. His autobiography became a bestseller and a landmark achievement in the fight against slavery.

a former slave who drew huge crowds in the North with her anti-slavery speeches; also spoke for women's rights

a white Northerner who published an antislavery newspaper called The Liberator

name for a series of escape routes to help slaves go from the South to the North

"conductor" on the Underground Railroad - led 19 journeys to help slaves reach freedom; became a Union spy during the Civil War

the first woman's rights convention in America; it called for women to get legal and political rights

women's rights activist; helped organize Seneca Falls Convention

wanted to limit / ban the drinking of alcohol

wanted more public education; public high schools but opportunities still limited for women & African Americans; led by Horace Mann

began to form unions to demand higher wages and better conditions

wanted mentally ill removed from prisons; hospitals were built; led by Dorthea Dix

based on manufacturing and commerce because they were close to ports and rivers which were needed for factories, also had a willing labor force, fueled in part by the increase of immigrants; construction of canals, roads, and rail lines also contributed to the growth of industrialization in the area

based on agriculture/plantation farming because of the warm climate and fertile soil; with the invention of the cotton gin, cotton production and the use of slavery increased in the area

Congressional agreement that contained the following provisions: California would enter the Union as a free state; Stronger Fugitive Slave Laws; The slave trade would be banned in Washington, D.C.; popular sovereignty to decide slavery in Mexican Cession

controversial law that helped slave owners capture runaway slaves; passed as part of the Compromise of 1850 in order to please the South

Congressional law (written by Stephen A. Douglas) in 1854 that said the issue of slavery in the Kansas and Nebraska territories would be decided by popular sovereignty; this law overturned the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which had banned slavery in those areas

nickname given to Kansas during the 1850s as fighting broke out between pro-slavery and anti-slavery people as they tried to establish the Kansas government; the fighting turned violent as hundreds were killed over the course of three years

radical abolitionist who was involved in the murder of five people in Kansas; eventually attempted to capture a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. During the raid, he was taken into custody. He was found guilty by the federal government and executed, which caused outrage in the North.

Supreme Court case in which a slave who had been taken to live in a territory in which slavery had been banned, was suing for his freedom upon the death of his owner; the Supreme Court ruled against him, stating that slaves are property (not citizens) and that the Constitution protects property rights, therefore Congress could not ban slavery in the territories

between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas for an Illinois Senate seat in 1858 (Stephen won the election): Lincoln argued that slavery should not spread to now territories; Douglas argued that the citizens should decide the issue using popular sovereignty

South Carolina seceded after this election because they believed Lincoln would outlaw slavery; more Southern states followed, forming the Confederate States of America.

stated his main goal was to preserve the Union; "we are not enemies but friends"

U.S. federal fort in South Carolina; when Lincoln stated that he would re-supply the fort, the Confederates said it was an act of war, so they opened fire upon the fort; these are the first shots of the Civil War

North's strategy to "squeeze" the Southern economy - naval blockade of the South's coastline, which would prevent the South imports and exports & take control of the Mississippi River, which would cut the Confederacy in two.

defense and "Cotton Diplomacy" - withhold cotton exports from Europe in order to force them to join as allies

-great generals, such as Robert E. Lee; advantage of fighting a defensive war; fighting defensive war

-over double the population; 85% of the factories; double the railroad lines; Abraham Lincoln as leader

warships covered with iron

rifles that used this new type of bullet contributed to such a high casualty rate in the war because it would go farther and was more accurate

statement issued by Lincoln in which he freed the slaves in states of rebellion and encouraged them to flee their plantations, work for wages, join the Union army, etc.; issued by Lincoln as Commander-in-Chief as a military act of war to weaken the South

military draft; required military service

a new paper currency issued by North to finance the Civil War

tax on personal income; instituted in the US for the first time in the US during the Civil War to raise money for the war

most casualties in a single day of combat; battle fought in Maryland; Union General George McClellan was fired for not pursuing the retreating Confederates at the end of the battle

occurred in Pennsylvania; lasted three days; 51,000 casualties; North won; the turning point of the battle was Pickett's charge, in which a Confederate unit made a risky charge and received heavy losses; Gettysburg is considered the turning point of the Civil War

speech made by Lincoln at the dedication of the national cemetery at the battleground; stated our nation was founded on liberty and equality and put forth idea that the war was to prove that this type of nation (government) could survive

Union general that was responsible for carrying out total war in the Deep South - destroying any and all things that might aid the enemy, including destroying railroad lines, destroying crops, burning and looting towns

commander of Confederate troops; fought for the CSA in order to defend his home state of Virginia

president of the Confederate States of America

Union General in the West at the start of the war, which meant he was responsible for trying to secure the Mississippi River and the surrounding areas; promoted to general over all Union troops as the war progressed; Republican president after Andrew Johnson; he urged Congress to pass an anti-KKK bill; corruption in his cabinet split the Republican Party and lead to a financial panic in 1873 which weakened Reconstruction efforts

location where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865

the process the federal government used to readmit the Confederate states to the Union from 1865-1877. It was needed because the South faced the challenge of building a new society not based on slavery.

the South into 5 military districts. Before the Southern states could re-enter the Union, they would have to approve new state constitutions that gave the right to vote to ALL men and ratify the 14th Amendment.

president after Lincoln; he was impeached in 1868 for violating the Tenure in Office Act by firing his Secretary of War without Senate approval; he was found not guilty in his impeachment trial, so he was not removed from office

members of Congress who wanted the federal government to play an active role in remaking Southern politics and society, including full and equal citizenship for African Americans. They wanted to destroy the South's old planter class and have political equality for all citizens.

Abolished slavery in the United States

Granted citizenship to all people born in the U.S.

Said that voting rights could not be denied on the basis of race

secret organization formed by former Confederates to restore Democratic control of the South and to keep former slaves powerless. They attacked African Americans, including beating people, burning homes, and even lynching some (killing them).

laws that allowed for segregation (the forced separation of whites and blacks) in public places in the South

deal struck because of close presidential election in 1876; election commission decided to allow Rutherford B. Hayes, the Republican, to take the presidency if all remaining federal troops would be removed from the South; end of Reconstruction

agriculture that left most sharecroppers in a cycle of debt because farmers were forced to use credit buy supplies

federal bureau created to assist former slaves including the establishment of schools in the South

first African-American to serve in the United States Congress

proposed by John C. Calhoun - said that a state should be able to void a federal law within its borders if it so chooses; an extreme form of states' rights