What is not a characteristic of a typical cervical vertebra?

Presence of transverse foramina

Phillip was involved in a motor vehicle accident that resulted in a torn anterior longitudinal ligament between C6-C7. What is the function of this ligament?

Limits extension of the vertebral column

Limits flexion of the vertebral column

Limits lateral flexion of the vertebral column

Helps return a flexed vertebral column to an erect position

In disc herniation, rupture of the ______________ may result in protrusion of the _____________ in the __________ direction.

Annulus fibrosis, nucleus pulposus, posterolateral

Nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosis, anterolateral

Nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosis, posterolateral

Annulus fibrosis, nucleus pulposus, anterolateral

Which statement about the axial skeleton is FALSE?

It extends from the skull to the sacrum

It is mainly composed of the bones of the back and neck

It supports the weight superior to the pelvis

Which of the following regarding intervertebral foramen is TRUE?

It can be occluded by tumors or disc herniations

It is where the spinal cord is located

When placed all together it forms the vertebral canal

It is a large, open space in the middle of the vertebral column

Which of the following statements regarding the atlas is FALSE?

Its superior articular facets articulate with C1

It is the first cervical vertebra

Its articulation with the skull allows us to say, “Yes, we love anatomy!”

Its inferior articular facets articulate with C2

Forward slippage of one vertebra on the vertebra below

Most common in the cervical vertebrae

A fracture of the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch

The ligament responsible for limiting flexion is the

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Vertebral and Spinal Column

Quadrants The abdominal wall is divided into 4 quadrants which are defined by 2 planes: 1. Transumbilical plane – horizontal plane through the umbilicus at the IVD between L3 – L4. 2. Median plane- vertical plane dividing the body into right and left halves.Abdominal Regions • The abdomen is divided into 9 regions so that organ location and pain can be described. • The regions are delineated by 4 planes: 1. Right and Left midclavicular planes 2. Subcostal plane (sometimes a transpyloric plane is used) 3. Transtubercular plane which passes through the L5 vertebral body.

Nucleus pulposus • Located in the mid-to-posterior part of the disc. • Pulplike gel or Hydrophilic like gel consistency large branching proteoglycans. • Collagen forms an infrastructure that support the proteoglycan network. • Hydrated proteoglycans are thin type II collagen fibers, elastin fibers, and other proteins • Proteoglycan is water-binding glycosaminoglycans linked to core proteins • In youth the nucleus pulposus within the lumbar discs consists of 70% to 90% water. • The hydrated nucleus allows the disc to function as a hydraulic shock absorption system, dissipating and transferring loads across vertebrae

Vertebrate and invertebrate

VERTEBRATE and INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS

Practice Quiz 35: Vertebrate and invertebrate groups.

Invertebrate and vertebrate

Some Arctic Dinos Lived in Herds By Sid Perkins Just as interesting, however, is how this was discovered. Scientists didn’t look at a single fossil bone. Instead, they analyzed a large number of preserved footprints on a mountainside located toward the southern end of central Alaska. Anthony Fiorillo works at the Perot Museum of Nature and Science in Dallas, Texas. As a vertebrate paleontologist, he studies the fossils of creatures with backbones. In 2007, he was part of a research team exploring Denali National Park. “We rounded the corner and there they were,” he recalls. Thousands of footprints had been preserved in stone. “It was amazing.” Dinosaurs died out more than 65 million years ago (not counting birds, their modern-day relatives). So, it’s a bit surprising that scientists know so much about these ancient creatures. Now, a new study reveals that a certain type of duckbilled dinosaur lived in the Arctic year-round. These animals also traveled in herds that included many age groups, they find. The creatures even appear to have gone through a “teenage growth spurt.” Those tracks pepper a steep patch of exposed rock about twice as long as a football field and up to 60 meters (roughly 200 feet) wide. They sit at least 160 kilometers (100 miles) north of the Gulf of Alaska. Between 69 million and 72 million years ago, that now-rocky material was muddy sediment on a floodplain near a seacoast, Fiorillo explains. The hadrosaurs walked across the squishy mud. Later, the footprints they left turned to stone. Previous studies suggested adult duckbills took care of their young, says Fiorillo. The new evidence that these dinosaurs truly traveled in herds with multiple age groups confirms that parents cared for their young well beyond the time they left the nest, his team concludes. The researchers published their findings June 30 in Geology. © Science News for Students Thousands of tracks cover this rocky mountainside in Alaska’s Denali National Park. They provide a wealth of information about the size, age and lifestyle of certain dinosaurs. COURTESY OF PEROT MUSEUM OF NATURE AND SCIENCE EVIDENCE FOR HERDS O F DINOSAURS Small meat-eating dinosaurs called theropods had left behind a few of the tracks that Fiorillo’s team found in Denali. Birds had left some others. But the vast majority came from creatures called hadrosaurs. These large plant-eating duckbilled dinosaurs had been quite common during the Cretaceous Period. That helps explain one of their nicknames: “cattle of the Cretaceous.” For the new study, the researchers focused only on the hadrosaur tracks. More than half of the footprints were preserved so well that they had clear impressions of the skin on the dinosaurs’ feet. Most tracks had a similar level of preservation. That suggests all were probably left within a short period. Other fossils in the nearby rocks, including insect burrows, suggest these hadrosaurs had left their footprints during the summer. These are trace fossils — evidence of ancient life other than a preserved carcass or bone. At the time these dinosaurs lived, Fiorillio says, the average temperature in the warmest months was between 10° and 12° Celsius (50° and 54° Fahrenheit). That’s about what conditions are like today along the border between Canada and the lower 48 U.S. states, he notes. The team measured a large sample of the duckbills’ footprints. They fell into four distinct size ranges. The largest tracks, presumably made by adults, measured about 64 centimeters (25 inches) across. The smallest tracks, 8 centimeters (3 inches) wide, were likely left by young duckbills. They would have been no more than a year old. Tracks of two other size groups were probably made by juveniles and near-adults. These data suggest the community of hadrosaurs included four different age groups. © Science News for Students A hadrosaur footprint made roughly 70 million years ago. For scale, the long blue bar at right is 10 centimeters long; each small blue or white bar measures 1 centimeter. COURTESY OF PEROT MUSEUM OF NATURE AND SCIENCE © Science News for Students THESE DINOSAURS DIDN’T MIGRATE About 84 percent of the tracks sampled for the new study had been left by older hadrosaurs — adults or near-adults. Roughly 13 percent came from the youngest members of the herd. And a mere 3 percent came from herd members considered to be juveniles, says Fiorillo. The rarity of tracks by these tweens suggests that the young of this species had a rapid growth spurt. If true, they would have spent relatively little time at this vulnerable size — and therefore left very few tracks. “What’s really neat is how many small tracks there are,” notes Anthony Martin. An ichnologist — or expert in trace fossils — he works at Emory University in Atlanta, Ga. Other scientists had analyzed fossil bones from duckbills. These studies had hinted that the equivalent of adolescent hadrosaurs would have experienced growth spurts. But the new findings are “the best evidence that I’ve seen,” says Eric Snively. He’s a vertebrate paleontologist at the University of Wisconsin- La Crosse. “This is a great study,” he adds, “and further evidence that juvenile hadrosaurs grew up in an eye-blink.” Also previously, researchers had proposed that Arctic dinosaurs migrated farther south for the winter. That’s because even if the region was much warmer than it is today, nights in the high Arctic would have been 24 hours long. So, with no sunshine for several months, Alaska would have had long periods of very bleak, chilly weather. But finding juveniles in the herd strongly suggests that these dinosaurs remained in the Arctic all year. That’s because adolescents and preadolescents wouldn’t have had the strength or stamina to make those long treks, Fiorillo maintains. Field work is often harsh. Paleontologists studying the dinosaur footprints here on an Alaskan mountainside sometimes worked in cold and fog. COURTESY OF PEROT MUSEUM OF NATURE AND SCIENCE © Science News for Students The presence of very young dinosaurs might have been expected, he notes: If this were a nesting region, the babies would have hatched sometime just before summer. And remember, that’s when these tracks were left. But that wouldn’t explain the juveniles, he says. The team’s findings “suggest that these dinosaurs were overwintering in Alaska somehow,” says Snively. At the time, the average temperature in the region remained above freezing even during the winter, he notes. But, he adds, “this study raises interesting issues about how the dinosaurs could live in the region when it was pretty dark for several months at a time.”

Neck & Vertebral Column Muscles

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