Context: The civil rights movement was an organized effort by Black Americans to end racial discrimination and gain equal rights under the law in the late 1940s. Read the text. Martin Luther King Jr. and Thurgood Marshall were both great African American civil rights leaders, but they endorsed differing approaches. King, a preacher, advocated civil disobedience (peaceful protest) and was jailed for his efforts. Thurgood Marshall, a lawyer, brought legal actions in court instead. Marshall filed numerous lawsuits on behalf of African Americans who were denied their rights, taking many cases to the Supreme Court. Marshall was the winning lawyer in Brown v. Board of Education, the 1954 case declaring school segregation unconstitutional. When King began leading protests and boycotts, Marshall disapproved of his breaking the law. But Marshall, who worked for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), used NAACP funds to bail out King's followers. What is the topic?

Context: The civil rights movement was an organized effort by Black Americans to end racial discrimination and gain equal rights under the law in the late 1940s. Read the text. Martin Luther King Jr. and Thurgood Marshall were both great African American civil rights leaders, but they endorsed differing approaches. King, a preacher, advocated civil disobedience (peaceful protest) and was jailed for his efforts. Thurgood Marshall, a lawyer, brought legal actions in court instead. Marshall filed numerous lawsuits on behalf of African Americans who were denied their rights, taking many cases to the Supreme Court. Marshall was the winning lawyer in Brown v. Board of Education, the 1954 case declaring school segregation unconstitutional. When King began leading protests and boycotts, Marshall disapproved of his breaking the law. But Marshall, who worked for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), used NAACP funds to bail out King's followers. What is the author's purpose?

Context: The civil rights movement was an organized effort by Black Americans to end racial discrimination and gain equal rights under the law in the late 1940s. Read the text. Martin Luther King Jr. and Thurgood Marshall were both great African American civil rights leaders, but they endorsed differing approaches. King, a preacher, advocated civil disobedience (peaceful protest) and was jailed for his efforts. Thurgood Marshall, a lawyer, brought legal actions in court instead. Marshall filed numerous lawsuits on behalf of African Americans who were denied their rights, taking many cases to the Supreme Court. Marshall was the winning lawyer in Brown v. Board of Education, the 1954 case declaring school segregation unconstitutional. When King began leading protests and boycotts, Marshall disapproved of his breaking the law. But Marshall, who worked for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), used NAACP funds to bail out King's followers. Which organizational structure does this text primarily use?

Context: The civil rights movement was an organized effort by Black Americans to end racial discrimination and gain equal rights under the law in the late 1940s. Read the text. Martin Luther King Jr. and Thurgood Marshall were both great African American civil rights leaders, but they endorsed differing approaches. King, a preacher, advocated civil disobedience (peaceful protest) and was jailed for his efforts. Thurgood Marshall, a lawyer, brought legal actions in court instead. Marshall filed numerous lawsuits on behalf of African Americans who were denied their rights, taking many cases to the Supreme Court. Marshall was the winning lawyer in Brown v. Board of Education, the 1954 case declaring school segregation unconstitutional. When King began leading protests and boycotts, Marshall disapproved of his breaking the law. But Marshall, who worked for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), used NAACP funds to bail out King's followers. What's the author's viewpoint on the topic?

Read the text. In the 1990s, a group of women in the African country of Gambia organized to take action on plastic bags. Lacking any recycling programs, people had been throwing their used plastic bags on the ground, along with other trash. Because plastic doesn't decompose the way other waste does, piles of bags accumulated. What could they do? The women came up with a novel answer for the plastic bag puzzle. They collected and cleaned old bags, then reused them by cutting them into strips and crocheting or knitting items such as purses from the plastic. Selling their handiwork at markets, the women raised money for additional recycling programs, which enabled them to further reduce plastic litter. What is the topic?

Read the text. In the 1990s, a group of women in the African country of Gambia organized to take action on plastic bags. Lacking any recycling programs, people had been throwing their used plastic bags on the ground, along with other trash. Because plastic doesn't decompose the way other waste does, piles of bags accumulated. What could they do? The women came up with a novel answer for the plastic bag puzzle. They collected and cleaned old bags, then reused them by cutting them into strips and crocheting or knitting items such as purses from the plastic. Selling their handiwork at markets, the women raised money for additional recycling programs, which enabled them to further reduce plastic litter. Which organizational structure does this text primarily use?

Read the text. In the 1990s, a group of women in the African country of Gambia organized to take action on plastic bags. Lacking any recycling programs, people had been throwing their used plastic bags on the ground, along with other trash. Because plastic doesn't decompose the way other waste does, piles of bags accumulated. What could they do? The women came up with a novel answer for the plastic bag puzzle. They collected and cleaned old bags, then reused them by cutting them into strips and crocheting or knitting items such as purses from the plastic. Selling their handiwork at markets, the women raised money for additional recycling programs, which enabled them to further reduce plastic litter. What is the author's viewpoint on the topic?

Read the text. To be nominated as a major party's candidate for president of the United States requires endurance. The process can be confusing to voters, but the basics are clear. First, the candidate must comply with each state's legal requirements to get his or her name listed for the primary elections and caucuses. Then, the candidate must campaign and win votes in the primaries and caucuses. Those votes determine how many delegates supporting that candidate will attend the Party's nominating convention. The various state elections stretch over many months, from February to June. At last, the summer before the election, the Party holds its national convention. There, all the states' delegates gather to formally select their Party's presidential candidate. What is the topic?

Read the text. To be nominated as a major party's candidate for president of the United States requires endurance. The process can be confusing to voters, but the basics are clear. First, the candidate must comply with each state's legal requirements to get his or her name listed for the primary elections and caucuses. Then, the candidate must campaign and win votes in the primaries and caucuses. Those votes determine how many delegates supporting that candidate will attend the Party's nominating convention. The various state elections stretch over many months, from February to June. At last, the summer before the election, the Party holds its national convention. There, all the states' delegates gather to formally select their Party's presidential candidate. What is the author's purpose?

Read the text. To be nominated as a major party's candidate for president of the United States requires endurance. The process can be confusing to voters, but the basics are clear. First, the candidate must comply with each state's legal requirements to get his or her name listed for the primary elections and caucuses. Then, the candidate must campaign and win votes in the primaries and caucuses. Those votes determine how many delegates supporting that candidate will attend the Party's nominating convention. The various state elections stretch over many months, from February to June. At last, the summer before the election, the Party holds its national convention. There, all the states' delegates gather to formally select their Party's presidential candidate. Which organizational structure does this text primarily use?

Read the text. To be nominated as a major party's candidate for president of the United States requires endurance. The process can be confusing to voters, but the basics are clear. First, the candidate must comply with each state's legal requirements to get his or her name listed for the primary elections and caucuses. Then, the candidate must campaign and win votes in the primaries and caucuses. Those votes determine how many delegates supporting that candidate will attend the Party's nominating convention. The various state elections stretch over many months, from February to June. At last, the summer before the election, the Party holds its national convention. There, all the states' delegates gather to formally select their Party's presidential candidate. What is the author's viewpoint on the topic?

Read the text. In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy swept onto the East Coast of the United States with peak winds hitting one hundred miles per hour. In addition to the strong winds, the storm generated heavy rain and flooding and resulted in more than one hundred deaths. Sandy also contributed to storm surges and rising water levels all along the coast, from Florida to Maine. Parts of New York experienced tides more than twelve feet above normal. More than eight million people lost their electricity. Dunes, boardwalks, and homes were destroyed. Overall, the storm produced more than fifty billion dollars in property damage and other losses. What is the topic?

Read the text. In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy swept onto the East Coast of the United States with peak winds hitting one hundred miles per hour. In addition to the strong winds, the storm generated heavy rain and flooding and resulted in more than one hundred deaths. Sandy also contributed to storm surges and rising water levels all along the coast, from Florida to Maine. Parts of New York experienced tides more than twelve feet above normal. More than eight million people lost their electricity. Dunes, boardwalks, and homes were destroyed. Overall, the storm produced more than fifty billion dollars in property damage and other losses. What is the author's purpose?

Read the text. In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy swept onto the East Coast of the United States with peak winds hitting one hundred miles per hour. In addition to the strong winds, the storm generated heavy rain and flooding and resulted in more than one hundred deaths. Sandy also contributed to storm surges and rising water levels all along the coast, from Florida to Maine. Parts of New York experienced tides more than twelve feet above normal. More than eight million people lost their electricity. Dunes, boardwalks, and homes were destroyed. Overall, the storm produced more than fifty billion dollars in property damage and other losses. Which organizational structure does this text primarily use?

Read the text. In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy swept onto the East Coast of the United States with peak winds hitting one hundred miles per hour. In addition to the strong winds, the storm generated heavy rain and flooding and resulted in more than one hundred deaths. Sandy also contributed to storm surges and rising water levels all along the coast, from Florida to Maine. Parts of New York experienced tides more than twelve feet above normal. More than eight million people lost their electricity. Dunes, boardwalks, and homes were destroyed. Overall, the storm produced more than fifty billion dollars in property damage and other losses. Which is the author's viewpoint on Hurricane Sandy?

Read the text. While there are many Chinese restaurants in the United States, the food these restaurants serve is not the same as that served in China. Starting with the basics, the service of water differs. In the United States, most restaurants serve cold water with every meal, whether the customers ask for it or not. In China, however, cold water is never served. Restaurants in China serve hot water or tea. Food ingredients are also not the same. The Chinese use ingredients such as pig ears, chicken feet, duck blood, and jellyfish, which most Americans aren't used to eating. American restaurants, unlike Chinese ones, use broccoli, onion, and dairy products in their recipes. Finally, fortune cookies, so popular in the U.S., are an American invention not generally available in China. What's the topic?

Read the text. While there are many Chinese restaurants in the United States, the food these restaurants serve is not the same as that served in China. Starting with the basics, the service of water differs. In the United States, most restaurants serve cold water with every meal, whether the customers ask for it or not. In China, however, cold water is never served. Restaurants in China serve hot water or tea. Food ingredients are also not the same. The Chinese use ingredients such as pig ears, chicken feet, duck blood, and jellyfish, which most Americans aren't used to eating. American restaurants, unlike Chinese ones, use broccoli, onion, and dairy products in their recipes. Finally, fortune cookies, so popular in the U.S., are an American invention not generally available in China. Which organizational structure does this text primarily use?

Read the text. While there are many Chinese restaurants in the United States, the food these restaurants serve is not the same as that served in China. Starting with the basics, the service of water differs. In the United States, most restaurants serve cold water with every meal, whether the customers ask for it or not. In China, however, cold water is never served. Restaurants in China serve hot water or tea. Food ingredients are also not the same. The Chinese use ingredients such as pig ears, chicken feet, duck blood, and jellyfish, which most Americans aren't used to eating. American restaurants, unlike Chinese ones, use broccoli, onion, and dairy products in their recipes. Finally, fortune cookies, so popular in the U.S., are an American invention not generally available in China. What is the author's viewpoint on the topic?

Read the text. A special type of vote called a "popular referendum" gives voters the opportunity to cancel a law passed by their legislature. It's available to voters in twenty-four states. After the state legislature approves a law, voters can circulate a referendum petition. They must collect a specified number of voters' signatures within a certain number of days—generally ninety—and deliver them to a designated state official, usually the secretary of state. The official then must review and verify that the petition contains a sufficient number of valid signatures of registered voters. Once the signatures are certified, the referendum is placed on the ballot in a statewide election. At that point, the voters decide whether to approve or disapprove the law. If they disapprove it, it never goes into effect. What is the topic?

Read the text. A special type of vote called a "popular referendum" gives voters the opportunity to cancel a law passed by their legislature. It's available to voters in twenty-four states. After the state legislature approves a law, voters can circulate a referendum petition. They must collect a specified number of voters' signatures within a certain number of days—generally ninety—and deliver them to a designated state official, usually the secretary of state. The official then must review and verify that the petition contains a sufficient number of valid signatures of registered voters. Once the signatures are certified, the referendum is placed on the ballot in a statewide election. At that point, the voters decide whether to approve or disapprove the law. If they disapprove it, it never goes into effect. What is the author's purpose?

Read the text. A special type of vote called a "popular referendum" gives voters the opportunity to cancel a law passed by their legislature. It's available to voters in twenty-four states. After the state legislature approves a law, voters can circulate a referendum petition. They must collect a specified number of voters' signatures within a certain number of days—generally ninety—and deliver them to a designated state official, usually the secretary of state. The official then must review and verify that the petition contains a sufficient number of valid signatures of registered voters. Once the signatures are certified, the referendum is placed on the ballot in a statewide election. At that point, the voters decide whether to approve or disapprove the law. If they disapprove it, it never goes into effect. Which organizational structure does this text primarily use?

Read the text. A special type of vote called a "popular referendum" gives voters the opportunity to cancel a law passed by their legislature. It's available to voters in twenty-four states. After the state legislature approves a law, voters can circulate a referendum petition. They must collect a specified number of voters' signatures within a certain number of days—generally ninety—and deliver them to a designated state official, usually the secretary of state. The official then must review and verify that the petition contains a sufficient number of valid signatures of registered voters. Once the signatures are certified, the referendum is placed on the ballot in a statewide election. At that point, the voters decide whether to approve or disapprove the law. If they disapprove it, it never goes into effect. What is the author's viewpoint?