Question 1

Which of the following characteristics is a fundamental difference between a virus and a prokaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Viruses require a host cell's machinery to replicate, while prokaryotes can reproduce independently.

Answer

Prokaryotes lack a plasma membrane, while all viruses are surrounded by a lipid envelope.

Answer

Viruses are considered living organisms because they can metabolize nutrients, unlike prokaryotes.

Answer

Viruses contain DNA as their genetic material, whereas prokaryotes only contain RNA.

Question 2

Which structure is commonly found in prokaryotic cells but is never present in a virus?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes

Answer

Genetic material

Answer

Proteins

Answer

Glycoproteins

Question 3

In the lysogenic cycle of a bacteriophage, what happens to the viral DNA after it enters the bacterial host?

Accepted Answer

It integrates into the host's chromosome as a prophage and remains dormant.

Answer

It transforms the prokaryote into a eukaryotic cell by forming a nucleus around the viral genome.

Answer

It immediately begins mass-producing new viral particles and lyses the cell.

Answer

It destroys the host's DNA and uses the fragments as building blocks for new viruses.

Question 4

Gram staining is a method used to differentiate prokaryotes based on the composition of which structure?

Accepted Answer

Cell wall

Answer

Plasma membrane

Answer

Protein capsid

Answer

Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of a specific evolutionary advantage that some prokaryotes have over viruses in harsh environments?

Accepted Answer

The ability to form endospores that remain dormant during extreme conditions.

Answer

The absence of a cell wall, allowing them to shrink and expand safely.

Answer

The ability to mutate their protein capsid to avoid detection by the immune system.

Answer

The use of host cell mitochondria to generate extra energy for survival.

Question 6

Which of the following describes the process of 'conjugation' in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

The direct transfer of DNA between two bacterial cells through a physical bridge called a pilus.

Answer

The replication of viral particles inside a host cell until it bursts.

Answer

The division of a single cell into two genetically identical daughter cells.

Answer

The uptake of naked DNA fragments from the surrounding environment.

Question 7

Which of the following describes why viruses are generally considered non-living by the scientific community?

Accepted Answer

They cannot reproduce or carry out metabolic processes independently of a host cell.

Answer

They do not contain any genetic material such as DNA or RNA.

Answer

They are significantly smaller than the average prokaryotic cell.

Answer

They lack a protein coat or capsid to protect their genome.

Question 8

In the lytic cycle of viral replication, what is the primary outcome for the host cell?

Accepted Answer

The host cell membrane ruptures, releasing new viral particles and killing the cell.

Answer

The host cell transforms into a multicellular organism to spread the virus.

Answer

The viral DNA integrates into the host genome and remains dormant for many generations.

Answer

The virus and the host cell enter a symbiotic relationship where both benefit.

Question 9

Which of the following components is found in all viruses regardless of their type or host?

Accepted Answer

A protective protein coat known as a capsid

Answer

A phospholipid bilayer known as a viral envelope

Answer

The ability to generate ATP through cellular respiration

Answer

Membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria

Question 10

Which of the following describes a bacteriophage?

Accepted Answer

A virus that infects and replicates within bacteria.

Answer

A bacterium that infects human lung cells.

Answer

An enzyme that breaks down viral protein coats.

Answer

A type of white blood cell that consumes viruses.

Question 11

Which of the following characteristics is a key difference that distinguishes Archaea from Bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Archaea lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls, whereas Bacteria possess it.

Answer

Archaea use DNA as their genetic material, while Bacteria use only RNA.

Answer

Bacteria are always multicellular, while Archaea are always unicellular.

Answer

Archaea possess a membrane-bound nucleus, while Bacteria do not.

Question 12

Which of the following describes the shape of a bacterium that is professionally classified as a 'bacillus'?

Accepted Answer

Rod-shaped

Answer

Square-shaped

Answer

Spiral-shaped

Answer

Spherical

Question 13

Which of the following metabolic processes is unique to certain members of the domain Archaea and is responsible for producing a significant greenhouse gas?

Accepted Answer

Methanogenesis

Answer

Nitrogen fixation

Answer

Photosynthesis

Answer

Aerobic respiration

Question 14

Gram staining is a common technique used to differentiate species of Bacteria based on the structural differences of their cell walls. What is the primary difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane.

Answer

Gram-positive bacteria possess a nucleus, while Gram-negative bacteria do not.

Answer

Gram-positive bacteria lack a cell wall, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thick cell wall.

Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have cell walls made of cellulose, while Gram-negative bacteria use chitin.

Question 15

Which of the following describes the genetic structure of most bacteria and archaea?

Accepted Answer

A single circular chromosome located in a region called the nucleoid.

Answer

Fragmented strands of RNA stored within mitochondria.

Answer

Multiple linear chromosomes enclosed within a nuclear envelope.

Answer

A single linear chromosome wrapped around cellulose fibers.

Question 16

Bacteria primarily reproduce through which asexual process, resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells?

Accepted Answer

Binary fission

Answer

Mitosis

Answer

Budding

Answer

Conjugation

Question 17

In the process of bacterial conjugation, what is the name of the small, circular DNA molecule that is often transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell?

Accepted Answer

Plasmid

Answer

Ribosome

Answer

Nucleoid

Answer

Centromere

Question 18

Some bacteria can survive extreme environmental conditions like heat, radiation, and dehydration by forming which dormant, highly resistant structure?

Accepted Answer

Endospore

Answer

Capsule

Answer

Flagellum

Answer

Pilus

Question 19

Which of the following correctly matches a pathogen with its description or ecological impact?

Accepted Answer

A prion is an infectious misfolded protein that causes neurodegenerative diseases, whereas a viroid consists of small, circular RNA molecules that infect plants.

Answer

A superbug is a type of emergent disease caused exclusively by viruses that have jumped from animals to humans through nitrogen fixation.

Answer

Emergent diseases are ancient bacterial infections that have become extinct due to the widespread use of vaccines and antibiotic resistance.

Answer

Chemoautotrophic bacteria release energy by breaking down organic matter from dead organisms, acting as the primary decomposers in all ecosystems.

Question 20

Obligate anaerobes are bacteria that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. Which metabolic pathway do these bacteria primarily use to release energy from organic substrates?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation or anaerobic respiration

Answer

Aerobic cellular respiration

Answer

Oxygenic photosynthesis

Answer

The Krebs cycle using

O_2

as the final acceptor

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