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Visor Center Policies and Procedures
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Ieškome viso skaičiausMarel Software - VisirMake a vocabulary quiz over the following words: potent, attain, promote, resolution, indifferent, induce, singular, abundant, betray, vigor, sustain, profound, prudent, appropriate, distinctionCultivo de meristemos: Condiciones de cultivo: Luz y temperatura. La iluminación puede perjudicar al desarrollo de los ápices meristemáticos ya que sus células tienen paredes celulares delgadas y escasa diferenciación. Se recomienda iniciar el cultivo con luz tenue o incluso en oscuridad para después pasar a fotoperiodo. La temperatura debe ser la adecuada para el crecimiento in vitro de cada especie. Estado fisiológico del explanto. Una alta tasa de crecimiento del explanto acelera el inicio de su desarrollo y favorece su supervivencia. Momento de toma de explanto. Está relacionado con el mayor o menor vigor del explanto y con su tasa metabólica. En general deben iniciarse los cultivos cuando la planta madre se encuentra en su mayor estado de desarrollo, por ejemplo en primavera si saneamos plantas leñosas que sufren reposo invernal.Criticism, unique, flimsy, allow, fatigue, compliment, ordinary, substantial, prohibit, vigorVERSO 1 A metà del corso medio della vita umana, mi ritrovai in una foresta buia, perché avevo smarrito la giusta strada. Ahimè, quanto è difficile descrivere l’aspetto di questa foresta inospitale, intricata e difficile [da attraversare], a tal punto che al solo pensiero si rinnova in me la paura. [la selva] È tanto angosciante che la morte lo è giusto poco di più; ma per descrivere il bene che io trovai in essa, parlerò [prima] delle altre cose che vi ho visto. VERSO 10 Non so descrivere il modo in cui io vi entrai, tanto ero intorpidito nel momento in cui abbandonai la via della verità. Ma dopo che giunsi ai piedi di un colle, nel luogo in cui finiva quella valle che aveva turbato di paura il mio cuore, guardai verso l’alto e vidi la sua vetta già illuminata dai raggi di quel pianeta [il Sole] che conduce ogni uomo sulla giusta strada. Allora si acquietò un po’ la paura che a lungo era rimasta nel profondo del mio cuore durante la notte trascorsa nell’angoscia. VERSO 22 E come colui [il naufrago] che con respiro affaticato, uscito dal mare e giunto a riva, si volta verso le acque pericolose e le guarda, così il mio animo, che ancora era in fuga, si voltò indietro a guardare quel luogo che non aveva mai lasciato passar vivo alcun uomo. Dopo che ebbi fatto riposare un po' il corpo stanco, ripresi il cammino lungo il pendio deserto [del colle], in modo che il piede stabile [quello di appoggio] era sempre il più basso [dei due]. VERSO 31 Ed ecco [apparire], quasi all'inizio della salita, una lonza snella e molto agile, ricoperta di pelo maculato; e non si scansava da davanti al mio viso, anzi bloccava a tal punto il mio cammino che più volte mi girai per tornare indietro. Era il principio del mattino, e il sole sorgeva insieme a quella costellazione che lo accompagnava quando Dio (l’amor divino) creò inizialmente gli astri (quelle cose belle); così che erano motivo di speranza per me contro quella bestia dalla pelle screziata l’ora del giorno e la dolcezza della primavera; ma non al punto che non mi incutesse paura la visione che mi apparve di un leone. Questo sembrava procedere contro di me con la testa alta e con una fame rabbiosa, al punto che sembrava far tremare l'aria. VERSO 49 Ed una lupa, che di tutti i desideri sembrava piena pur nella sua magrezza, e che già aveva costretto molti uomini a vivere nella miseria, questa mi procurò un tale angoscia per la paura che si sprigionava dal suo aspetto, che io persi la speranza di raggiungere la cima del colle. E come colui che avidamente accumula denaro, e poi arriva il momento che gli fa perdere tutto, al punto che nell'animo si rattrista e piange; così mi ridusse la belva insaziabile e irrequieta, che, venendomi incontro, a poco a poco mi respingeva là dove il sole non fa luce [nella selva]. VERSO 61 Mentre precipitavo verso il basso, mi si offrì alla vista uno che, per via di un lungo silenzio, mi sembrava fosse senza voce. Quando lo vidi in quel luogo deserto e solitario, «Abbi pietà di me», gli gridai, «chiunque tu sia, fantasma o uomo reale!» Mi rispose: «Non sono un uomo [vivo], lo sono già stato, e i miei genitori furono lombardi, entrambi mantovani per nascita. Nacqui sotto Giulio Cesare, sebbene troppo tardi, e vissi a Roma sotto l’impero del buon Augusto, al tempo degli dèi falsi e ingannatori. Fui un poeta, e scrissi di quel giusto figlio di Anchise proveniente da Troia, dopo che la superba Ilio venne bruciata. Ma tu, perché ritorni al tanto dolore [della selva]? Perché non scali il piacevole colle che è origine e causa di totale gioia? VERSO 79 «Sei dunque tu quel Virgilio, quella sorgente che diffonde un così abbondante fiume di eloquenza?», gli risposi con il capo umilmente chinato. «Oh, gloria e luminosa guida per gli altri poeti, mi sia d’aiuto l'assiduo studio e il grande amore che mi ha spinto a leggere la tua opera. Tu sei il mio maestro e il mio autore [di riferimento], da te solo ho appreso lo stile elevato che mi ha dato prestigio. Guarda la belva a causa della quale mi voltai indietro; dammi il tuo aiuto contro di lei, famoso sapiente, poiché essa mi fa tremare le vene e i polsi». VERSO 121. Alle quali (cioè alle anime beate) poi, se tu vorrai salire, ti condurrà un'anima più degna di me: ti lascerò a lei quando me ne andrò; poiché quell'Imperatore che regna lassù [Dio], per via del fatto che fui ribelle alla sua legge, non vuole che io entri nella sua città [il Paradiso]. Egli regna in ogni luogo e qui [nell’Empireo] dimora; questa è la sua città e il suo trono: felice è colui che [Dio] vi destina». Ed io gli dissi: «Poeta, io ti chiedo in nome di quel Dio che tu non hai conosciuto, affinché io mi allontani da questo male [il peccato] e da quello ancor peggiore [la dannazione], che tu mi conduca là dove dicesti, affinché io veda la porta di San Pietro e coloro i quali tu descrivi tanto tristi». [Virgilio] allora si mise in cammino, ed io lo seguii.Allele variation of a specific gene Artificial Insemination (AI) collecting and preserving semen from sires and using artificial means to introduce it to the dam’s reproductive tract Body Cells make up the organs and tissue of an animal and have chromosomes in pairs, called diploids Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) gene editing technology Codominance heterozygous individual expresses the phenotype of both alleles simultaneously Complete Dominance heterozygous gene pair is expressed the same as a homozygous dominant gene pair Crossbreeding sire from one breed and a dam from another, with each breed excelling in a certain characteristic to benefit the producer and the offspring Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) stores genetic information and acts as a blueprint for all genetic material in the organism in two strands arranged in a double helix Dominant Alleles represent a dominant phenotype and are expressed as uppercase letters Embryo Transfer eggs are collected from a desirable female, fertilized and then implanted in several other females Expected Progeny Differences (EPDs) measure of the heritability of breeding values and traits Gametes fulfill the purpose of sexual reproduction, passing on half of the genetic code in the form of sperm and ovum and are also called haploids or sex cells Genotype organism's genetic composition, which determines its heredity potential and limitations Grading Up using a purebred sire to breed grade (unregistered or commercial) females Heritability degree to which offspring resemble their parent for a particular trait Heterosis (Hybrid Vigor) ability of crossbred animals to have the best traits from each parent Heterozygosity phenomenon of inheriting a different version of an allele from each biological parent Homozygosity phenomenon of inheriting the same version of an allele from each biological parent Inbreeding breeding of closely related animals with the goal of concentrating traits from a superior individual Incomplete Dominance dominant allele does not completely overcome the recessive Law of Dominance states genes will express themselves with the dominant gene appearing in the phenotype Law of Independent Assortment states unlinked or distantly linked gene pairs separate independently of other genes Law of Segregation states paired genes must segregate equally into gametes in a way so offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting either factor Locus place on a chromosome where a gene is found Meiosis process of cellular reproduction of gametes and results in four genetically different daughter cells Mitosis process of cellular reproduction of body cells which creates two genetically identical daughter cells Outcrossing breeding highly unrelated individuals within a breed Phenotype all the observable characteristics of an organism resulting from the interaction of its genotype with its environment Polygenic Traits controlled by many gene pairs Punnett Square graphical representation of the possible genotypes of an offspring arising from a particular breeding, using letters to represent the genes Recessive Alleles non-dominant phenotypes which can still affect the appearance of an animal, but not as commonly, and are expressed as lowercase letters Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) replicates genetic information found in DNA to build proteins in processes known as transcription and translation Simply Inherited Traits typically controlled by one gene pairAbstract The main focus of this research is to discuss the perspective of the teamwork and its impaction organizational performance and success. Also highlight the Meanings of Team and its work sprit towards batter organizational performance and specific to its impact on the success of organization that provided the basis for this research study. In this research study a thoroughly focus was on organization and teamwork. The aim of this research is to deliver a participative view of teamwork in the organization, and also discourses the major issues and emphases on the recent work that opens the basis to move research onward. There is much worth in taking a more focus on the essential areas of teamwork. The team signifies the spirit and working capacity of the employees as team to bring organization to the success. The various explanations, definitions, processes, dimensions, team size and benefits etc. regarding the above topic teamwork and organizational success is highlighted. Keywords: Teamwork, Success, Organization, Performance, Work Groups, Employees Introduction It is indeed human beings have learned in their beginning of life to work together as (Team) that have made such a remarkable developments as unique specie. Human beings have experience throughout their social history, lived, loved, grow younger to older and worked together in groups said West M.A. (2012).The mutual social knowledge of living and functioning together creates connection among people, society and families. When work is done cooperatively as a team it can achieve extremely extra work than individually. Team can be defined as in the human society to live, to work and to play and to cooperate with others for particular task. According to John W. Newstrom et al (1993) “team is the process of assessing performance of workers, passing information and exploring methods to increase performance”. If observe closely, one can discover the instances of The Government: Research Journal of Political Science Supplementary Edition Vol. III 88 The Government social (teams) they are functioning either effectively or ineffectively everywhere; organizations, schools, work place, home etc. “Coordinating the events of people is like sand house, making by using a sole particles of sand” expressed Belbin, R. M.(2010). Moreover it is one of the general myths that the skill of team member is more important than their vigor, attention and determination for the tasks. Another widespread myth is that the team members are not alone accountable for the achievements or failures of their tasks the truth is that the members are the small parts in the teams and their individual abilities effect on the various results in team. The working relationships exist among team that might sight these relationships at different levels of involvement or relationships among the members as they move towards the degree of communication, integration and commitment increases. Terry L.G. et al (1980) expressed that “The skills are essential if members have to work together efficiently in complex situations, only development of skills and relationships, involvement on the task regarding the particular task might be selected for reaching at target that is considered as a definition of a team”. Team often perform higher when they work together with sprit that enable them to achieve a collective goal at the workplace, it is not only benefits to the organization also affects the workers confidence and success. Cooperating on various tasks reduces workloads for all team members and enables them to share duties or ideas. Work as a team is the part of everyone's life, as one is a member of a family team, staff team, school team, and community teams etc., so as to understand how to work effectively as a team member. Especially there is a need when task is threatened with increasingly many problems for example; the energy problem has effects on organization, family life, and social development and the multi-dimensional nature of many problems require a scientific skill based problem solving approach. Terry L.G, et al (1980) expressed that “The skills, competencies and efforts of team by setting priorities the team can have better impact on the problems solving such efforts can reduce work load, work duplication, and produce a result better than separate efforts”. There are some processes of teamwork by adopting those the objectives can be achieved easily. Le Pine, et al, (2008) identified10 teamwork processes that fall in three categories following are those. TEAMWORK PROCESSES TRANSITION PROCESSES •Mission analysis •Goal specification •Strategy formulation ACTION PROCESSES •Monitoring progress toward goals •Systems monitoring •Team monitoring and backup behavior •Coordination INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES •Conflict management •Motivation and confidence building •Affect management Team Work 89 Teamwork process reduces the work stress on every member which permits members to complete given important task of organization; teamwork offers members an opening to pledge with each other. Also it develops relations between the members who start a teamwork they usually sense appreciated on productive accomplishment of task. It may be cited one of the best instances of surgical team; where surgeon is assisted by his team; nurses, anesthetist and experts etc., everyone knows that their success depends upon the teamwork. In addition they are devoted to the aim that is human life it is easy to succeed with best teamwork. The important role of manager is the team building, trust building, confidence building, in the team to achieve the task. In the Situation where all team members contribute the task, it develops the positive relationship in the team that improves the trust of team members.“Functions effectively members of team must be flexible, committed, trusting each other and help to each other’s in the progress and the achievement of goals” Expressed Plamínek (2008). The accountability of every member in the team must be increased so that they do not let each other down therefore they do their best for the achievements of their teams. In contrast, working alone on a task the pressure is generally high in team in those cases of small confidence impacts fewer on members. Team consists on members who always vary from each other’s in skills, knowledge and abilities but working together that is an opportunity for them to gain skills and knowledge from each other’s that they had never before. Working alone on a task is a challenge and using the ideas of each other brings them to come up with a mutual resolution and the achievement of the task. Nowadays theoretical development and research has rested largely a new trend that is emerging within the organizations as an essential process of teamwork. Teamwork has brought a new move in the research and development to the inputs and outputs that bound, constrain and impact on the team processes within organizations said Ilgen, D.R. (1999). The world is changes fast, any one set of instructions can’t be sufficient, changes needs flexible members, teams and organizations so as to be effective on task. This paper suggests that in teams members must use the exclusive human abilities. Cannon B.et al (1995) has précised dimensions of teams into three categories: Team dimensions 1-Cognitions: include associations, task team-mate characteristics, team mission, objectives, norms, and resources, team role interaction patterns, skills, roles, and team orientation. 2-Skills: consist on adaptability, shared situational awareness and mutual concept to conflict resolution. 90 The Government 3-Attitudes: symbolize motivation, collective potency, shared vision, team cohesion, mutual trust, collective orientation and importance of. Teamsize Researchers have given different approvals about the best size of team as Katzenbachetet al (1993) suggested that the teams should comprise on a dozen or so members which are enough to achieve a task. Although seven is the best size of the team in the organizational practices said Scharf, A. (1989). Several views of researchers are expressed in the literatures and it is difficult to decide which better is because their opinions are based on their own observations. The team size matters in the proper output and performance however from an empirical research it is also difficult to decide the suitable team size and what to accept. This study suggests that team size has a practical link with efficacy such as few or many member shave impact on the performance but size matters. Proper size of team improves the performance maximum stated Campion M. A et al (1996).These different results are expected due to the fact that appropriate team size is required for task, environment and situation where team works. However, larger teams can also experience coordination problems that delay performance. Sheppard, J. A. (1993) expressed that the question of best team’s size is a complex one; more research is required on this topic to explain the impact of team size on given definite task. Literature Review Across many different organizations and industries teamwork is focused to increase the performance of employees’ their unity and also create work culture. Organizations those regularly develop new ideas or products using a project-based approach and assemble teams in order to focus responsibilities to achieve the object. Researchers have given dissimilar meanings of “teams”. Dyer W.G. (2007) said that “teams are groups of people who trust in cooperation, if members are expert the success of goal is more possible”. It is essential due to the problemsolving cooperation added from many minds of team members working on a resolution of problems. Team members contribute their thoughts together to make exclusive plans for dealing with problems and this unity enhance the result due to interaction, trust and teamwork. Teamwork means a "work done by several companions with each doing a part but all subordinating personal prominence to the efficiency of the whole" Merriam, (2012). In addition combined employees are expected less hostile to each other and accepting more of each other’s decisions. Unity of employees can increase the flow of work in organization. When employee’s working together as a team, they learn from each other that awareness is based on their personal experiences and from coworkers; Team Work 91 employees from different departments may acquire knowledge from each other. The main object for organizations is to hold the team effort to achieve output and quality; team is a key to achieve quality productivity. According to Maddux et al (2003) “some of the organizations have major benefits from the use of teamwork which are showed in the following chart: Benefits of Teamwork 1 Improving quality of work life for employees 2 Reducing absenteeism and increasing turnover 3 Increasing innovation and change 4 Improving organizational adaptability and flexibility A real team is mostly one where members are allowed to take decisions that how to complete task. That authority enables them to control the work process, decreases the outside control and increases the sense of duty for work. Team always feels superiority on workplace and they rely on each other’s being there. Plamínek (2008) said that “affiliation with teamwork gives member a sense of belonging, interaction and recognition of success”. These actions support to remove the sense of loneliness of team member in organization. Effective teams can also improve efficacy through communication and trust between the team members, quality of work and decrease in absenteeism contribute to positive impact on team. Involving employees in teamwork helps the organization remain open to new ideas.“The world of organizations is shifting individualism is out and collectivism is in, power is out, empowerment is in.” stated G. M. Parker (1998). This study discovers the experiences and difficulties of teamwork that employees and organizations are facing nowadays due to big transformation and enlarged globalization. In recent years a remarkable amendment has been emerged in the belief of team working organizations. The modern study has explored that the scope of teamwork have been appeared in system rooted in belief, and employees accept changes that denoting a modern organizational system. The organizations which are responsive to the changes appear to achieve greater satisfaction. Although it may be suggested that, the managers should assess the values and beliefs of their employees to play more dedicated role in the development of organization by making sprit to face the modern challenges. Organizational cultural is much significant and it has the excessive impact on the performance of organization and employees’ but it is quiet arguable topic that the culture of teamwork can be developed according to the requirement. It is difficult to specify the relationships and to assess the reliable set of values to use as they believed symbol across the entire organizations. This review study focus that 92 The Government there is a great influence of organizational culture on the assumptions, values, and beliefs on the individuals’ considerations, actions and performances and so is vice versa, through learning, and training process. However the researchers believe that the organizational setup aids to unite employees of diverse cultures and dissimilar social backgrounds, traditions and have their own beliefs to work. Creating a positive teamwork culture it has several diverse aspects are goal setting, conflict resolution, empowerment, ability to accomplish tasks, measuring output and consideration for other teamwork cultures stated Pack L, et al April 27, (2012). Team work in the organization delivers employees the wisdom of unity; understand to each other’s, and reducing conflict. In addition teamwork in organization inspires employee for impartiality by affirming that no one is ignored in the organization and all treated equally. It is known that a team in organization is bound and sincere to work with dedication to bring the success. If the employees are committed and recognize the teamwork values and its benefits, as a part of the organization they can contribute a lot to the achievement of organization. One can finds the informal instances of team at these level, family, society, community, tribe and work groups etc., and formally team appears at the level of departments, functional groups, and other organizational units. The employees feel a greater sense of achievement for being a part of an organization, if they attain team work, having freedom to work not forced. The system gives best performance to achieve recognition and credit from their managers and it will increase their effort that helps them to contribute the organizational performance. Each team batter knows about their role and how to achieve tasks. The true spirit of teamwork gives benefit to organization in maintaining its standard by which it becomes identified. The team defines its specialty, and the way it is doing task that is perceived by the organization as well as its managers and it is secured by appreciation. Employees identify what they believe; that exist in their belief system and those understandings call them to change their views to develop and raise attention towards batter performance. The literature contains sufficient definitions of teamwork and the word team is used to denote a set of generally developed as to learn collective values, attitudes and cooperation to work. The study praises that the teamwork is mostly related with the team success for instance, Wagner (1995) described that “in the team individual is less valued and group is more valued, with”. It is found in the study that individualismcollectivism both regulates the relationships between team size, standing, and cooperation that have better effects on the cooperation of individualists rather than the cooperation of collectivists. Team Work 93 Conclusion The main concentration of this research paper is to examine more in-depth the fundamental of teamwork and its effectiveness to achieve the organizational goals. Teamwork provides vast amounts of knowledge and information, cultural differences each of these building a culture of teamwork and the skill to make the valuable solutions of the problems. To work efficiently, team members need a good understanding of how to do their job, to achieve goal and for that a basic way to ensure understanding is training, then they have to be motivated to do a job. Team is a vital activity of organization, when organization desires to perform sound it has to be confident that team functions effectively. Consequently it is compulsory to know how team performs, what manners within a team happen, and how they make decisions. If there is knowhow of teamwork events, it can be effective for the tasks that they have to accomplish. Organizations build up their own culture through tradition, history and structure these values can be accepted by team workers of an organization. The values and assumptions are the vital tools of organizations and are used as guidance for team. These have to do mostly with the basic dignity and worth of all members of team and the ability, necessity for them to solve the problems and work for the positive change. Through this review study is concluded that there is a good impact of teamwork on the organizations doings and success. Subsequently in recently developed literature there is a great focus amongst the social scientists and scholars’ in their discussion on the above topic teamwork. The above study is also an evidence of little effort to assess the significance of teamwork in organizations success. teams in organiz