VITAMINS AND MINERALS

must be constantly replenished in the body because they are rapidly eliminated from the body in the urine. They are carried in the bloodstream, are needed in frequent, small doses, and are unlikely to be toxic except when taken in unusually large doses.

function as coenzymes for a number of important biochemical reactions in humans, animals, and microorganisms

are found dissolved in lipid materials. They are, in general, carried in the blood by protein carriers, are stored in fat tissues, are needed in periodic doses, and are more likely to be toxic when consumed in excess of need.- generally do not function as coenzymes in humans and animals and are rarely utilized in any manner by microorganisms.

is an organic compound, essential in small amounts for the proper functioning of the human body, that must be obtained from dietary sources because the body cannot synthesize it.

Humans, monkeys, apes and guinea pigs need dietary vitamins– Co-substrate in the formation of structural protein collagen– Involved in metabolism of certain amino acids

vitamin B1

“Free” ______ structure consists of a central carbon atom to which is attached a six-membered heterocylic amine and a five

membered thiazole (sulfur-nitrogen) ring system

vitamin B2 (YELLOW VITAMIN)

structure involves three fused six-membered rings (two of which contain nitrogen) with the monosaccharide ribose attached to the middle ring.

(nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, vitamin B3

occurs in food in two different, but similar, forms: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide.

(pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine

is a collective term for three related compounds: pyridoxine (found in foods of plant origin) and pyridoxal and pyridoxamine (found in foods of animal origin)

folic acid

found in foods. All of them have structures that consist of three parts: (1) a nitrogen-containing double-ring system (pteridine), (2) paraaminobenzoic acid (PABA), and (3) one or more residues of the amino acid glutamate.

Vitamin B12

comes from the fact that an atom of the metal cobalt and numerous amine groups are present in the structure of vitamin B12, which is by far the most complex of all vitamin structures.

vitamin B5

The name pantothenic acid is based on the Greek word “pantothen,” which means “from everywhere.” This vitamin is found in almost every plant and animal tissue

unique among the B vitamins in that it can be obtained both from dietary intake and also via biotin-producing bacteria (microbiota, hence the name biotin) present in the human large intestine

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMIN

Has role in vision - only 1/1000 of______is in retina

3 Forms of vitamin A are active in the body

Derived from b-carotine

process in which immature cells change to specialized cells with function.