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Wage gap
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WAGE Wage Rudolf Soepartman Wage Rudolf Soepratman merupakan seorang guru, violis, wartawan, sekaligus komposer Hindia Belanda yang dilahirkan di Jatinegara pada tanggal 9 Maret 1903. Pendidikannya dimulai pada tahun 1907 di Taman Kanak-Kanak di Frobelschool Jakarta. Selepas Taman Kanak-Kanak, ia melanjutkan pendidikannya ke Tweede Inlandscheschool (Sekolah Angka Dua) dan selesai pada tahun 1917. Dua tahun setelahnya, W.R. Soepratman lulus ujian Klein Ambtenaar Examen (KAE, ujian untuk calon pegawai rendahan). Pendidikannya kemudian berlanjut ke Normaalschool (Sekolah Pendidikan Guru). Karirnya dalam bidang musik tidak lepas dari peran kakak iparnya, W.M. Van Eldick. Ia diberikan hadiah oleh kakak iparnya sebuah biola saat ulang tahunnya yang ke-17. Bersama Van Eldik tersebutlah, ia mendirikan grup jazz band bernama Black and White. Kepandaian W.R. Soepratman dalam bermusik digunakannya untuk menciptakan lagu-lagu perjuangan yang salah satu di antaranya adalah Indonesia Raya. Puncak karier W.R. Soepratman terjadi saat kepindahannya dari Makassar ke Bandung. Ia memulai karier sebagai jurnalistik dengan menjadi wartawan di surat kabar Kaoem Moeda pada tahun 1924. la kemudian pindah ke Jakarta dan menjadi wartawan pada Surat Kabar Sin Po pada tahun 1925. Sejak itu, ia aktif menghadiri rapat-rapat organisasi pemuda dan partai politik yang diadakan di Gedung Pertemuan Batavia. Sejak saat itulah W.R. Soepratman berkenalan dengan tokoh-tokoh pergerakan. Dalam pelaksanaan kongres Pemuda II, tanggal 27-28 Oktober 1928, W.R. Soepratman ikut terlibat dalam menciptakan lagu kebangsaan negara Republik Indonesia. Saat itulah, untuk kali pertama lagu Indonesia Raya diperdengarkan dengan iringan gesekan biolanya di depan seluruh peserta kongres sebelum dibacakannya Putusan Kongres Pemuda yang dikenal sebagai Sumpah Pemuda. Setelah Kongres Pemuda II, kehidupan W.R. Soepratman tidak lagi tenang karena dimata-matai oleh polisi Belanda. Penyebabnya adalah kata "Merdeka, Merdeka" pada lagu karangannya itu. Pada tahun 1930, Pemerintah Hindia Belanda melarang rakyat Indonesia menyanyikan lagu Indonesia Raya di depan umum. Tahun 1933-1937, ia pindah dari Jakarta ke Cimahi, lalu ke Pemalang. Hingga bulan April 1937, ia dibawa kakaknya, Ny. Rukiyem Supratiyah, ke Surabaya dalam keadaan sakit. Kedatangan W.R. Soepratman di Surabaya segera diketahui teman-teman seperjuangannya. Mereka datang menjenguknya yang masih lemah setelah sakit. Tanggal tanggal 7 Agustus 1938, W.R. Soepratman ditangkap Belanda di studio Radio NIROM (Nederlandsch Indische Radio Omroep) di Jalan Embong Malang Surabaya, lantaran lagunya yang berjudul "Matahari Terbit" dinyanyikan pandu-pandu KBI (Kepanduan Bangsa Indonesia) di radio tersebut dan dianggap wujud simpati terhadap Kekaisaran Jepang. la sempat ditahan, kemudian dilepaskan setelah Belanda tidak dapat menemukan bukti-bukti bahwa dirinya bersimpati kepada Jepang. Kondisi kesehatannya pun makin menurun. Pada 17 Agustus 1938 (Rabu Wage), W.R. Soepratman meninggal dunia di Jalan Mangga 21 Tambak Sari, Surabaya karena gangguan jantung yang dideritanya. Almarhum dimakamkan di Pemakaman Umum Kapasan, Jalan Tambak Segaran Wetan, Surabaya.Minimum WageHourly WageMEANING OF A WAGE A wage is an amount of money which one gets for work done during a period of time. It can be paid for work done in one day, one week, two weeks. A wage is not paid for the time or day when work is not done. An income is the total amount of money that one gets from different sources during a period of time. These can include the money or wages one is paid at work and extra money one gets as a gift or the money receives for the extra work done after office hours. THE FOLLOWING ARE OTHER SOURCES OF INCOME: 1. Transport allowances 2. Housing allowances 3. Interest from savings 4. Dividends 5. Gratuity 6. Pension Reasons why people work are as follows: 1. To remain healthy 2. To exercise the body and mind 3. To provide for himself and family 4. To pay bills (school fees, services rendered) 5. To get money for clothing and shelterTheme 3 - Labour - Wage DeterminationI beg to move, That this House welcomes the formation of a Government representing the united and inflexible resolve of the nation to prosecute the war with Germany to a victorious conclusion. On Friday evening last I received His Majesty's commission to form a new Administration. It as the evident wish and will of Parliament and the nation that this should be conceived on the broadest possible basis and that it should include all parties, both those who supported the late Government and also the parties of the Opposition. I have completed the most important part of this task. A War Cabinet has been formed of five Members, representing, with the Opposition Liberals, the unity of the nation. The three party Leaders have agreed to serve, either in the War Cabinet or in high executive office. The three Fighting Services have been filled. It was necessary that this should be done in one single day, on account of the extreme urgency and rigour of events. A number of other positions, key positions, were filled yesterday, and I am submitting a further list to His Majesty to-night. I hope to complete the appointment of the principal Ministers during to-morrow. the appointment of the other Ministers usually takes a little longer, but I trust that, when Parliament meets again, this part of my task will be completed, and that the administration will be complete in all respects. I considered it in the public interest to suggest that the House should be summoned to meet today. Mr. Speaker agreed, and took the necessary steps, in accordance with the powers conferred upon him by the Resolution of the House. At the end of the proceedings today, the Adjournment of the House will be proposed until Tuesday, 21st May, with, of course, provision for earlier meeting, if need be. The business to be considered during that week will be notified to Members at the earliest opportunity. I now invite the House, by the Motion which stands in my name, to record its approval of the steps taken and to declare its confidence in the new Government. To form an Administration of this scale and complexity is a serious undertaking in itself, but it must be remembered that we are in the preliminary stage of one of the greatest battles in history, that we are in action at many other points in Norway and in Holland, that we have to be prepared in the Mediterranean, that the air battle is continuous and that many preparations, such as have been indicated by my hon. Friend below the Gangway, have to be made here at home. In this crisis I hope I may be pardoned if I do not address the House at any length today. I hope that any of my friends and colleagues, or former colleagues, who are affected by the political reconstruction, will make allowance, all allowance, for any lack of ceremony with which it has been necessary to act. I would say to the House, as I said to those who have joined this government: "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat." 2 We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many long months of struggle and of suffering. You ask, what is our policy? I can say: It is to wage war, by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival. Let that be realised; no survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, no survival for the urge and impulse of the ages, that mankind will move forward towards its goal. But I take up my task with buoyancy and hope. I feel sure that our cause will not be suffered to fail among men. At this time I feel entitled to claim the aid of all, and I say, "come then, let us go forward together with our united strength." Chapter 8: The Worlds of North and South Geography Geography refers to the seasons, climate, soil, and physical features of a region (mountains, rivers, etc.) The differences in geography b/t the N and S is one of the major reasons slavery b/c entrenched in the S while it died out in the N. Geography of the North The N has diverse geography and experiences four distinct seasons including long, harsh winters. The Great Plains region has some of the best farmland in the country. New England has rocky, hilly wilderness, not well suited for farming. It has hundreds of bays and harbors along its coastline. States farther S had rich soil and coastal access through rivers. The N also experienced mass deforestation b/c of the need for lumber and to make room for farms. Geography of the South Climate: the S had mild winters, and a long, hot, humid growing season. It has fertile lowlands, marshes and swamps. It's ideal for growing tobacco, sugar, rice, indigo, and cotton (cash crops). B/c of the geography of the S, their whole way of life was based on agriculture and geography is one of the major reasons why slavery took off in the S. Economies Economy basically refers to the way people make and spend money. The Northern economy was far more diversified than the Southern. Economy of the North The North experienced the Industrial Revolution—the shift from handmade goods to machine-made goods. This resulted in new jobs, increased production, and improved efficiency in agriculture. IOW, you can make things faster, easier, and cheaper. More ppl get more stuff. Factories were almost always located next to rivers. The Reaper The Indust. Rev. changed northern agriculture with Cyrus McCormick’s reaper. It could cut 28xs more grain than a single man. The Sewing Machine Elias Howe's sewing machine; At 250 stitches a minute, Howe's lockstitch mechanism out-stitched the output of five hand seamstresses with a reputation for speed, completing in one hour what took the sewers 14.5 hours. The Textile Mill Francis Cabot Lowell's textile mill: essentially the first factory in the US, Lowell set the model for all future factories. Interchangeable Parts Eli Whitney's interchangeable parts; considered the "dawning of a new age" of machinery. This concept was applied to pretty much all manufacturing. Economy of the South The South's economy was based on AGRICULTURE. Most southerners were agrarians. Most had small farms, some owned plantations. Slavery beginning to decline in late 1700s; prices went down (tobacco, indigo) and cotton was difficult. King Cotton Cotton was South’s most important crop. Earned more money than all other exports combined. The S would go on to supply 75% of the world's cotton demand. Cotton Gin Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1794 and forever changed the US. The gin made cotton incredibly profitable. We start to see the effects of the cotton gin around 1820. Slavery and Cotton Southerners put all their money into slaves and land, and almost none into building factories. With the spread of cotton, demand for slaves increased. 1790 to 1850, number of slaves rose 600%. Transportation Again, the N was far more inventive in their approach to transportation than the S. Transportation in the North National Road National Road stretched from the East (the Potomac), over the Appalachians, to the West (Illinois), over 620 miles. Steamboat In 1807, Robert Fulton invented the steamboat. It traveled 150 miles UP the Hudson River at a speed of 5 mph. Erie Canal Built b/t 1817 and 1825, the canal spanned 363 miles and connected Lake Erie to the Hudson River. This connected farms in the W to cities in the E and the Atlantic Ocean. Clipper Ship Clippers were narrow w massive sails that were built for speed. They cut the time it took to cross the Atlantic in half. Locomotive The fastest and cheapest way to move goods was by steam-powered trains. The first RR was the B&O which was built in 1827. Transportation in the South Most people and goods in the South traveled by rivers in steamboats. The South had trains, but less than half the amount of railroad track than the North had. Society (The People) The people who made up the N and S could not have been more different. The S was primarily agrarian while the N was b/c urbanized. The S was holding on to the past, while the N was embracing change. Society in the South Society was organized into 3 distinct classes of people: rich plantation owners at the top; then white farmers and workers; slaves on the bottom. This rigid social class system was the result of a slave-based agricultural system. Power Structure Only 1 in 4 whites owned a slave. Plantation owners, who owned more than 20 slaves, dominated politics and the economy. Society in the North 7 of 10 Northerners still lived on farms by the 1840s (6 of 10 by 1860), but urbanization was growing fast in the N. The N relied on wage labor as opposed to slave labor, so most blacks in the N were free. N blacks were not treated equally and the N was about as racist as the S. Immigration Compared to the S, the N population was exploding, in large part bc of immigration. Between 1845 and 1860, 4 million immigrants came to the North. Most were German and Irish. Irish--a potato famine; German--a failed revolution. Ethnic neighborhoods developed as a result.