an individual heat of competition, where students are matched to an opposing contestant in a particular room with a particular judge or panel of judges

the affirmative responsibility to prove that the resolution is true

the first speech given by each debater (both teams) in a round, used to build a case. new arguments are permitted during constructive speeches

the philosophy for deciding a debate round - it requires a judge to analyze the benefits of a policy versus the cost.

note-taking during a debate, accurately recording the most important arguments and rebuttals

period of time when debaters ask each other questions

the team or competitor who argues in favor of adopting the resolution

the sheet of paper or online location where judges write the results of an individual round of competition, which they submit to the tab room or online tabulation systems

in debate, the win-loss ratio, or in speech, the total ranks; a general standing of success

the negative’s responsibility to disprove the affirmative case