An area of grassland with scattered trees and bushes; found in tropical & subtropical regions; in Africa, located below the Sahara

Powerful African kingdom in southern Africa that resisted British and Dutch expansion in the late 19th century.

Dutch settlers in South Africa; the Dutch word for "Farmers"

elevated open grassland in southern Africa

Policy of strict racial segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically; Non-whites were denied voting rights in national elections, representation in parliament, and the ability to own land.

ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner (white minority) regime; released in 1990 and elected as the first black president of South Africa in 1994.

City, now in ruins , whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa; permitted trade with Arabs and more

The organization that replaced the Organization of African Unity in 2001; designed to bring about increased political and economic integration of African states.

shallow, rocky stretches in a river marked by rapid currents or waterfalls

a situation in which people feel greater allegiance and loyalty to their own ethnic group than to a state (country) as a whole

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

An attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural will on another territory in order to secure access to raw materials, cheap labor, and new markets.

A ruler who has absolute power

a tropical viral disease affecting the liver and kidneys, causing fever and jaundice and often fatal. It is transmitted by mosquitoes.

People who are small in stature, who live in/around central Africa (Congo Basin); practice foraging and hunter-gatherer lifestyles.

A slightly receding bay between headlands, formed by a long curve of a coast-line.

fly in East Africa; transmits "sleeping sickness" which results in inflammation of the brain and possibly death

Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa running from Ghana to Nigeria that was the principal source of the slaves taken out of West Africa from the 16th to the early 19th century.

The 1967-70 civil war in Nigeria caused by the attempt of the state of Biafra to secede and become independent.

Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward.

One of the greatest kingdoms of Western Africa, which flourished between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries.

a strip of dry grasslands on the southern border of the Sahara; also known as "the shore of the desert"