the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.

King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.

"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.

Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' the first modern novel

Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614)

greatest Dutch artists of the period; painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants

1598 - Granted the Huguenots (French protestants) freedom to live in peace and worship in some cities

(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. Increased power of Bourbons by 1.) limiting the power of the nobility, and 2.) controlling the Protestants; helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. Its conclusion ended religious wars in Europe.

the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

This was the Prussian king who gave religious and philosophical toleration to all subjects, abolished torture and made the laws simpler; fought Maria Theresa in War of the Austrian Succession

Tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models.

Son of King James; Charles also believed in the divine right of Kings and wanted to force his religious policies among the Puritans. The Puritans saw this as the return of Catholic practices and fled to America instead. He was executed by Oliver Cromwell.

Puritan general who helped lead parliamentary forces during the English Civil War, and ruled England as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.

A conflict over royal versus parliamentary rights, caused by King Charles I's arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism

Stuart king during the Restoration, following Cromwell's Interregnum. Learned to respect parliament and promote religious tolerance (with a Catholic lean)

The bloodless coup in 1688 in England when James II (a Catholic) gave up the throne and his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange (of the Netherlands) - both Protestants - replaced James II to reign jointly. No Catholic monarch has reigned in England since.

Established freedom from taxation without representation, outlawed cruel and unusual punishment, guaranteed the right to bear arms, and many other rights; influenced the U.S. Constitution.

War fought in the colonies from 1754 to 1763 between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio River Valley area. The English won the war and the Peace of Paris was negotiated in 1763. (p. 70)