Caravel, Carrack, Fluyt

triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade

Lateen sail, Compass, Astronomical charts

Africa and Asia; 16th century; Type of political control in which Portugal dominated trading outposts by force and coerced trade relationships in their favor; First direct European involvement in ancient Indian Ocean trade network; Demonstrates rising power of Europe, while showing European dependence on Asian commerce

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans.

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Smallpox, influenza, chicken pox, yellow fever, malaria

Crops grown in large amounts to be sold for profit

A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.

Horses, Pigs, Cattle

okra and rice

Ming China, Tokugawa Japan

Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, France, Britain

kingdom that emerged in the 1700s in present-day Ghana and was active in the slave trade

Kingdom dominating small states along the Congo River that maintained effective, centralized government and a royal currency until the seventeenth century.

Javanese, Gujaratis, Omanis, Swahili Arabs

Incan system for payment of taxes with labor

Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person.

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.

Spanish estates in the Americas that were often plantations. They often represent the gradual removal of land from peasant ownership and a type of feudalistic order where the owners of Haciendas would have agreements of loyalty to the capital but would retain control over the actual land. This continued even into the 20th century.

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Muslim-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean, Moroccan conflict with the Songhai Empire

Pueblo Revolts, Fronde, Cossack revolts, Maratha conflict with Mughals, Ana Nzinga's resistance, Metacom's War

The establishment of Maroon societies in the Caribbean and Brazil, North American slave resistance

The communities formed by escaped slaves in the Caribbean, Latin America, and the United States.

A program ordered by the Spanish monarchy to investigate and eliminate heresy in the kingdom.

Ottoman timars, Russian boyars, European nobility

The ethnic Manchu family of rulers of China from 1644 to 1911

A system in colonial Spain of determining a person's social importance according to different racial categories.