What do the Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO) do?

Investigate complaints against the Editors' Code of Practice

Support journalists with writing dificult articles

Investigate which media outlets are most popular

Act as a trade union to protect journalists' rights

The National Executive Council (NEC) can make decisions about what?

Whether a NUJ member has broken the code of conduct

Whether a media corporation can buy another newspaper to own

Whether a news story will be popular with readers

Whether an editor deserves promotion

What is responsible journalism?

What is responsible use of ict

What is a Plant Cell? Plant cells are eukaryotic cells that vary in several fundamental factors from other eukaryotic organisms. Both plant and animal cells contain a nucleus along with similar organelles. One of the distinctive aspects of a plant cell is the presence of a cell wall outside the cell membrane. Plant Cell Structure Just like different organs within the body, plant cell structure includes various components known as cell organelles that perform different functions to sustain itself. These organelles include: Cell Wall It is a rigid layer which is composed of polysaccharides cellulose, pectin and hemicellulose. It is located outside the cell membrane. It also comprises glycoproteins and polymers such as lignin, cutin, or suberin. The primary function of the cell wall is to protect and provide structural support to the cell. The plant cell wall is also involved in protecting the cell against mechanical stress and providing form and structure to the cell. It also filters the molecules passing in and out of it. The formation of the cell wall is guided by microtubules. It consists of three layers, namely, primary, secondary and the middle lamella. The primary cell wall is formed by cellulose laid down by enzymes. Cell membrane It is the semi-permeable membrane that is present within the cell wall. It is composed of a thin layer of protein and fat. The cell membrane plays an important role in regulating the entry and exit of specific substances within the cell. For instance, cell membrane keeps toxins from entering inside, while nutrients and essential minerals are transported across. Nucleus The nucleus is a membrane-bound structure that is present only in eukaryotic cells. The vital function of a nucleus is to store DNA or hereditary information required for cell division, metabolism and growth. 1. Nucleolus: It manufactures cells’ protein-producing structures and ribosomes. 2. Nucleopore: Nuclear membrane is perforated with holes called nucleopore that allow proteins and nucleic acids to pass through. Plastids They are membrane-bound organelles that have their own DNA. They are necessary to store starch and to carry out the process of photosynthesis. It is also used in the synthesis of many molecules, which form the building blocks of the cell. Some of the vital types of plastids and their functions are stated below: Leucoplasts They are found in the non-photosynthetic tissue of plants. They are used for the storage of protein, lipid and starch. Chromoplasts They are heterogeneous, colored plastid which is responsible for pigment synthesis and for storage in photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. Chromoplasts have red-, orange- and yellow-colored pigments which provide color to all ripe fruits and flowers. Central Vacuole It occupies around 30% of the cell’s volume in a mature plant cell. Tonoplast is a membrane that surrounds the central vacuole. The vital function of the central vacuole apart from storage is to sustain turgor pressure against the cell wall. The central vacuole consists of cell sap. It is a mixture of salts, enzymes and other substances. Golgi Apparatus They are found in all eukaryotic cells, which are involved in distributing synthesized macromolecules to various parts of the cell. Ribosomes They are the smallest membrane-bound organelles which comprise RNA and protein. They are the sites for protein synthesis, hence, also referred to as the protein factories of the cell. Mitochondria They are the double-membraned organelles found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. They provide energy by breaking down carbohydrate and sugar molecules, hence they are also referred to as the “Powerhouse of the cell.” Lysosome Lysosomes are called suicidal bags as they hold digestive enzymes in an enclosed membrane. They perform the function of cellular waste disposal by digesting worn-out organelles, food particles and foreign bodies in the cell. In plants, the role of lysosomes is undertaken by the vacuoles. Chloroplasts It is an elongated organelle enclosed by phospholipid membrane. The chloroplast is shaped like a disc and the stroma is the fluid within the chloroplast that comprises a circular DNA. Each chloroplast contains a green colored pigment called chlorophyll required for the process of photosynthesis. The chlorophyll absorbs light energy from the sun and uses it to transform carbon dioxide and water into glucose. Structure of Chloroplast Chloroplasts are found in all higher plants. It is oval or biconvex, found within the mesophyll of the plant cell. The size of the chloroplast usually varies between 4-6 µm in diameter and 1-3 µm in thickness. They are double-membrane organelle with the presence of outer, inner and intermembrane space. There are two distinct regions present inside a chloroplast known as the grana and stroma. • Grana are made up of stacks of disc-shaped structures known as thylakoids or lamellae. The granum of the chloroplast consists of chlorophyll pigments and are the functional units of chloroplasts. • Stroma is the homogenous matrix which contains grana and is similar to the cytoplasm in cells in which all the organelles are embedded. Stroma also contains various enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, and other substances. Stroma lamellae function by connecting the stacks of thylakoid sacs or grana. The chloroplast structure consists of the following parts: Membrane Envelope It comprises inner and outer lipid bilayer membranes. The inner membrane separates the stroma from the intermembrane space. Intermembrane Space The space between inner and outer membranes. Thylakoid System (Lamellae) The system is suspended in the stroma. It is a collection of membranous sacs called thylakoids or lamellae. The green colored pigments called chlorophyll are found in the thylakoid membranes. It is the sight for the process of light-dependent reactions of the photosynthesis process. The thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as grana and each granum contains around 10-20 thylakoids. Stroma It is a colorless, alkaline, aqueous, protein-rich fluid present within the inner membrane of the chloroplast present surrounding the grana. Grana Stack of lamellae in plastids is known as grana. These are the sites of conversion of light energy into chemical energy. Chlorophyll It is a green photosynthetic pigment that helps in the process of photosynthesis. Functions of Chloroplast Following are the important chloroplast functions: • The most important function of the chloroplast is to synthesize food by the process of photosynthesis. • Absorbs light energy and converts it into chemical energy. • Chloroplast has a structure called chlorophyll which functions by trapping the solar energy and is used for the synthesis of food in all green plants. • Produces NADPH and molecular oxygen (O 2 ) by photolysis of water. • Produces ATP – Adenosine triphosphate by the process of photosynthesis. • The carbon dioxide (CO2) obtained from the air is used to generate carbon and sugar during the Calvin Cycle or dark reaction of photosynthesis. Mitochondria “Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy molecule used by the cell.” What are Mitochondria? Popularly known as the “Powerhouse of the cell,” mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) are a double membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms. They are found inside the cytoplasm and essentially function as the cell’s “digestive system.” They play a major role in breaking down nutrients and generating energy-rich molecules for the cell. Many of the biochemical reactions involved in cellular respiration take place within the mitochondria. The term ‘mitochondrion’ is derived from the Greek words “mitos” and “chondrion” which means “thread” and “granules-like”, respectively. It was first described by a German pathologist named Richard Altmann in the year 1890. Structure of Mitochondria • The mitochondrion is a double-membraned, rod-shaped structure found in both plant and animal cell. • Its size ranges from 0.5 to 1.0 micrometers in diameter. • The structure comprises an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and a gel-like material called the matrix. • The outer membrane and the inner membrane are made of proteins and phospholipid layers separated by the intermembrane space. • The outer membrane covers the surface of the mitochondrion and has a large number of special proteins known as porins. Cristae The inner membrane of mitochondria is rather complex in structure. It has many folds that form a layered structure called cristae, and this helps in increasing the surface area inside the organelle. The cristae and the proteins of the inner membrane aid in the production of ATP molecules. The inner mitochondrial membrane is strictly permeable only to oxygen and ATP molecules. A number of chemical reactions take place within the inner membrane of mitochondria. Mitochondrial Matrix The mitochondrial matrix is a viscous fluid that contains a mixture of enzymes and proteins. It also comprises ribosomes, inorganic ions, mitochondrial DNA, nucleotide cofactors, and organic molecules. The enzymes present in the matrix play an important role in the synthesis of ATP molecules. Functions of Mitochondria The most important function of mitochondria is to produce energy through the process of oxidative phosphorylation. It is also involved in the following process: 1. Regulates the metabolic activity of the cell 2. Promotes the growth of new cells and cell multiplication 3. Helps in detoxifying ammonia in the liver cells 4. Plays an important role in apoptosis or programmed cell death 5. Responsible for building certain parts of the blood and various hormones like testosterone and estrogen 6. Helps in maintaining an adequate concentration of calcium ions within the compartments of the cell 7. It is also involved in various cellular activities like cellular differentiation, cell signaling, cell senescence, controlling the cell cycle and in cell growth. Disorders Associated with Mitochondria Any irregularity in the way mitochondria function can directly affect human health, but often, it is difficult to identify because symptoms differ from person to person. Disorders of the mitochondria can be quite severe; in some cases, they can even cause an organ to fail.

What is a Hurricane, Typhoon, or Tropical Cyclone? The terms "hurricane" and "typhoon" are regionally specific names for a strong "tropical cyclone". A tropical cyclone is the generic term for a non-frontal synoptic scale low-pressure system over tropical or sub-tropical waters with organized convection (i.e. thunderstorm activity) and definite cyclonic surface wind circulation (Holland 1993). Tropical cyclones with maximum sustained surface winds of less than 17 m/s (34 kt, 39 mph) are usually called "tropical depressions" (This is not to be confused with the condition mid-latitude people get during a long, cold and grey winter wishing they could be closer to the equator). Once the tropical cyclone reaches winds of at least 17 m/s (34 kt, 39 mph) they are typically called a "tropical storm" or in Australia a Category 1 cyclone and are assigned a name. If winds reach 33 m/s (64 kt, 74 mph), then they are called: "hurricane" (the North Atlantic Ocean, the Northeast Pacific Ocean east of the dateline, or the South Pacific Ocean east of 160E) "typhoon" (the Northwest Pacific Ocean west of the dateline) "severe tropical cyclone" or "Category 3 cyclone" and above (the Southwest Pacific Ocean west of 160°E or Southeast Indian Ocean east of 90°E) "very severe cyclonic storm" (the North Indian Ocean) "tropical cyclone" (the Southwest Indian Ocean) Coriolis Effect The Coriolis Effect—the deflection of an object moving on or near the surface caused by the planet’s spin—is important to fields, such as meteorology and oceanography. Storm Approaching Southeast Asia Because of the Coriolis Effect, hurricanes spin counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, while these types of storms spin clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. This Northern Hemisphere storm, approaching Southeast Asia, is spinning counterclockwise. Earth is a spinning planet, and its rotation affects climate, weather, and the ocean through the Coriolis Effect. Named after the French mathematician Gaspard Gustave de Coriolis (born in 1792), the Coriolis Effect refers to the curved path that objects moving on Earth’s surface appear to follow because of the spinning of the planet. As Earth turns, points near the equator—countries like Ecuador and Kenya—are moving much faster than places near the planet’s poles. This is because Earth is shaped like a marble: Its circumference is larger near its middle (the equator) than near its top and bottom. All places on Earth experience a day that is about 24 hours long, but points near the equator have to travel longer distances in the same period of time, which means that those places move faster. Scientists say these points have more “angular momentum.” This is why rockets are usually launched from places near the equator, like Cape Canaveral, Florida, United States. Such locations give rockets a large initial speed, which helps them get into orbit using the least possible amount of fuel. The Coriolis Effect influences wind patterns, which in turn dictate how ocean currents move. Imagine wind near the equator flowing to the north. That wind starts with a certain speed due to Earth’s rotation (near the equator, Earth rotates at a speed of roughly 1,600 kilometers per hour (1,000 miles per hour) from west to east). As the wind travels north toward the North Pole, it moves over parts of Earth that are rotating progressively more slowly. Since the wind retains its angular momentum, it keeps moving from west to east, overtaking the part of Earth turning more slowly below it. As a result, the wind appears to bend to the east (that is, to the right). This is the Coriolis Effect in action. Wind flowing south from the equator would likewise bend to the east. This effect is responsible for many meteorological and oceanographic phenomena. For instance, due to the Coriolis Effect, hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere spin in a counterclockwise direction, while hurricanes in the Southern Hemisphere (known as cyclones) spin in a clockwise direction. Ocean-circling currents known as “gyres” also spin in spiral patterns thanks to the Coriolis Effect. There is an urban legend that water in toilets spins in opposite directions in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres because of the Coriolis Effect. But that isn't true—a toilet bowl is too small for the effect to be observed. Instead, other factors like the shape of the toilet bowl and the direction that the water enters are largely responsible for how the flushing water moves.

Which of the following roles is responsible for creating cloud components and the testing and validation of services? A. Cloud auditor B. Inter-cloud provider C. Cloud service broker D. Cloud service developer Question #2Topic 1 What is the best source for information about securing a physical asset's BIOS? A. Security policies B. Manual pages C. Vendor documentation D. Regulations Question #3Topic 1 Which of the following is not a component of contractual PII? A. Scope of processing B. Value of data C. Location of data D. Use of subcontractors Question #4Topic 1 Which of the following concepts refers to a cloud customer paying only for the resources and offerings they use within a cloud environment, and only for the duration that they are consuming them? A. Consumable service B. Measured service C. Billable service D. Metered service Question #5Topic 1 Which of the following roles involves testing, monitoring, and securing cloud services for an organization? A. Cloud service integrator B. Cloud service business manager C. Cloud service user D. Cloud service administrator Question #6Topic 1 What is the only data format permitted with the SOAP API? A. HTML B. SAML C. XSML D. XML Question #7Topic 1 Which data formats are most commonly used with the REST API? A. JSON and SAML B. XML and SAML C. XML and JSON D. SAML and HTML Question #8Topic 1 Which of the following threat types involves an application that does not validate authorization for portions of itself after the initial checks? A. Injection B. Missing function-level access control C. Cross-site request forgery D. Cross-site scripting Question #9Topic 1 Which of the following roles involves overseeing billing, purchasing, and requesting audit reports for an organization within a cloud environment? A. Cloud service user B. Cloud service business manager C. Cloud service administrator D. Cloud service integrator Question #10Topic 1 What is the biggest concern with hosting a key management system outside of the cloud environment? A. Confidentiality B. Portability C. Availability D. Integrity file Viewing page 1 out of 52 pages. Viewing questions 1-10 out of 512 questions Browse atleast 50% to increase passing rate cup ExamTopics Certifications

1. What does the name Mlungisi mean? A. The Helper B. The Fixer C. The Brave One D. The Giver → B 2. What kind of person is Mlungisi? A. Rebellious and lazy B. Always fixing problems and helping others C. A mysterious, quiet boy D. A selfish older cousin → B 3. What does the name Velile mean? A. One Who Builds B. The Beloved One C. He Who Popped Out of Nowhere D. He Who Carries Others → C 4. How does Velile behave according to Trevor? A. He is very responsible and hardworking B. He often vanishes and suddenly reappears C. He is a caring father figure D. He is always around to help the family → B 5. Patricia’s name means: A. She Who Gives Back B. She Who Demands More C. The Fighter D. The Lost One → A 6. What did Patricia do as a child in Soweto? A. She went to school and stayed away from others B. She took care of abandoned children and fed them C. She ran away from home frequently D. She helped her father manage a shop → B 7. Where did Patricia find the money to buy food for the children? A. From her allowance B. From selling her toys C. From collecting bottles from shebeens D. From stealing it → C 8. What is a shebeen in this context? A. A school for orphans B. A place for young kids to play C. An informal bar where men would drink D. A shelter for street children → C 9. How old was Patricia when she started helping other children? A. 4 or 5 B. 6 or 7 C. 10 or 11 D. Teenager → B 10. Why did Trevor’s mother choose the name “Trevor”? A. It was the name of her favorite Bible character B. It was her father’s name C. It had no meaning, and she wanted him to be free D. It was a popular name in her family → C 11. What does it mean that Trevor's name had “no precedent” in South Africa? A. It was illegal to use B. It had no cultural or family history C. It came from ancient African myths D. It was a translation of a Zulu name → B 12. What is the deeper reason behind Patricia giving Trevor a name with no meaning? A. She didn’t like traditional names B. She didn’t know what the name meant C. She wanted him to escape fate and create his own identity D. She thought names were unimportant → C 13. According to Trevor, what kind of effect do traditional Xhosa names usually have? A. They are just for decoration B. They are often meaningless C. They tend to become self-fulfilling D. They reflect colonial history → C 14. What literary device is mainly used in the idea of names becoming destiny? A. Hyperbole B. Irony C. Symbolism D. Pun → C 15. Trevor’s mother wanted him to be: A. Bound to cultural tradition B. Free to be anyone he wanted C. A preacher D. Another fixer like Mlungisi → B ★ True or False Questions (判断题)（共10题） 16. Trevor’s cousin Mlungisi was known for always creating trouble. → False 17. Velile’s name and personality are both connected to sudden appearances and disappearances. → True 18. Patricia started caring for others when she was already an adult. → False 19. Shebeens were places where children gathered to play and eat. → False 20. Patricia used money she earned at a job to feed other children. → False （她用换瓶子的钱） 21. Trevor’s name has no Biblical or cultural background. → True 22. Patricia believed that names could shape a person’s life. → True 23. Trevor’s mother gave him a name with no meaning because she didn’t care about names. → False 24. Xhosa names often carry strong cultural or symbolic meanings. → True 25. Trevor’s mother gave him a name with no meaning so that he could be free from expectations. → True

What is the concept of popular sovereignty? The idea that the government’s authority comes from the people -- a key idea mentioned in the Preamble of the Constitution What were some of the goals outlined in the Preamble of the Constitution? “To form a more perfect Union” -- wanted states to cooperate with one another and have a strong relationship between the states and the national government “To establish justice” -- wanted to be ruled by laws, not by the might of soldiers or the decisions of kings; wanted laws to apply to everyone “To insure domestic tranquility” -- government’s job to keep peace and maintain order within the country “Provide for the common defense” -- national government responsible for protecting the nation against foreign enemies “To promote the general Welfare” -- government could support an economy and a society in which people could prosper “Secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity” -- government would protect the freedoms gained in the American Revolution and preserve them for future Americans as well

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