WILDLIFE AT THE PARK

Soils Southeast Asia, on balance, has a higher proportion of relatively fertile soils than most tropical regions, and soil erosion is less severe than elsewhere. Much of the region, however, is covered by tropical soils that generally are quite poor in nutrients. Often the profusion of plant life is more related to heat and moisture than to soil quality, even though these climatic conditions intensify both chemical weathering and the rate of bacterial action that usually improve soil fertility. Once the vegetation cover is removed, the supply of humus quickly disappears. In addition, the often heavy rainfall leaches the soils of their soluble nutrients, hastens erosion, and damages the soil texture. The leaching process in part results in laterites of reddish clay that contain hydroxides of iron and alumina. Laterite soils are common in parts of Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam and also occur in the islands of the Sunda Shelf, notably Borneo. The most fertile soils occur in regions of volcanic activity, where the ejecta is chemically alkaline or neutral. Such soils are found in parts of Sumatra and much of Java in Indonesia. The alluvial soils of the river valleys also are highly fertile and are intensively cultivated. Climate All of Southeast Asia falls within the warm, humid tropics, and its climate generally can be characterized as monsoonal (i.e., marked by wet and dry periods). Changing seasons are more associated with rainfall than with temperature variations. There is, however, a high degree of climatic complexity within the region. Temperatures Regional temperatures at or near sea level remain fairly constant throughout the year, although monthly averages tend to vary more with increasing latitude. Thus, with the exception of northern Vietnam, annual average temperatures are close to 80 °F (27 °C). Increasing elevation acts to decrease average temperatures, and such locations as the Cameron Highlands in peninsular Malaysia and Baguio in the Philippines have become popular tourist destinations in part because of their relatively cooler climates. Proximity to the sea also tends to moderate temperatures. Precipitation Much of Southeast Asia receives more than 60 inches (1,500 millimeters) of rainfall annually, and many areas commonly receive double and even triple that amount. The rainfall pattern is distinctly affected by two prevailing air currents: the northeast (or dry) monsoon and the southwest (or wet) monsoon. The northeast monsoon occurs roughly from November to March and brings relatively dry, cool air and little precipitation to the mainland. As the southwestward-flowing air passes over the warmer sea, it gradually warms and gathers moisture. Precipitation is especially heavy where the airstream is forced to rise over mountains or encounters a landmass. The east coast of peninsular Malaysia, the Philippines, and parts of eastern Indonesia receive the heaviest rains during this period. The southwest monsoon prevails from May to September, when the air current reverses and the dominant flow is to the northeast. The mainland receives the bulk of its rainfall during this period. Over much of the southern Malay Peninsula and insular Southeast Asia there is little or no prolonged dry season. This is especially marked in much of the equatorial region and along the east coast of the Philippines. While the dry and wet monsoons are important in explaining rainfall patterns, so too are such factors as relief, land and sea breezes, convectional overturning and cyclonic disturbances. These factors often are combined with monsoonal effects to produce highly variable rainfall patterns over relatively short distances. While many of the cyclonic disturbances produce only moderate rainfall, others mature into tropical storms—called cyclones in the Indian Ocean and typhoons in the Pacific—that bring heavy rains and destruction to the areas over which they pass. The Philippines are particularly affected by these storms. Plant life Tropical forests in Southeast Asia Tropical forests in Southeast Asia The seasonal nature and pattern of Southeast Asia’s rainfall, as well as the region’s physiography, have strongly affected the development of natural vegetation. The hot, humid climate and enormous variety of habitats have given rise to an abundance and diversity of vegetative forms unlike that in any other area of the world. Much of the natural vegetation has been modified by human action, although large areas of relatively untouched land still can be found. The vegetation can be grouped into two broad categories: the tropical-evergreen forests of the equatorial lowlands and the open type of tropical-deciduous, or “monsoon,” forests in areas of seasonal drought. The evergreen forests are characterized by multiple stories of vegetation, consisting of a variety of trees and plants. Although a large diversity of tree species is found in these forests, members of the Dipterocarpaceae family account for roughly half of the varieties. Deciduous forests are found in eastern Indonesia and those parts of the mainland where annual rainfall does not exceed 80 inches. Just as in the equatorial forest, a wide variety of species is normally the rule. Certain species, such as teak, have become highly valued commercially. Teak is found in parts of Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Laos. In addition to these two basic types of vegetation, other regional patterns reflect topography. Especially noteworthy are coastal and highland plant communities. Mangrove belts, of which there are more than 30 varieties, occur where silt is deposited in coastal areas. Upland forests dominated by maples, oaks, and magnolias are found especially on mainland mountain slopes. Human activity has been rapidly altering the stands of virgin forest in Southeast Asia. Most deforestation results from removal for fuelwood and clearing for agriculture and grazing. Although only a relatively small portion of the total land area has been permanently cleared for cultivation—e.g., in Java (Indonesia) and western Luzon (the Philippines)—in some areas shifting cultivation has brought about the replacement of virgin forest with secondary growth. In addition, nearly all countries have commercial logging industries; notable are those in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Myanmar. A growing problem has been illegal logging. Thus, timber harvesting has come to contribute significantly to deforestation. Programs in social forestry and reforestation have yet to halt the rapid denuding of the landscape. Animal life Southeast Asia is situated where two major divisions of the world’s fauna meet. The region itself constitutes the eastern half of what is called the Oriental, or Indian, zoogeographic region (part of the much larger realm of Megagaea). Bordering along the south and east is the Australian zoogeographic region, and the eastern portion of insular Southeast Asia—Celebes (Sulawesi), the Moluccas, and the Lesser Sunda Islands—constitutes a transition zone between these two faunal regions. a classroom in Brazil More From Britannica education: Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is notable, therefore, for a considerable diversity of wildlife throughout the region. These differences are especially striking between the species of the eastern and western fringes as well as between those of the archipelagic south and the mainland north. The differences stem largely from the isolation, over varying lengths of geologic time, of species following their migration from the Asian continent. In addition, the tropical rain forests in many parts of the region, with their great diversity of vegetation, have made possible the development of complex communities of animals that fill specialized ecological niches. Especially numerous are arboreal and flying creatures. orangutans orangutansOrangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) in Sumatra, Indonesia. The distinction between the two faunal regions is best depicted by their mammal populations. In general, Australia is inhabited largely by marsupials (pouched mammals) and monotremes (egg-laying mammals), while Southeast Asia contains placental mammals and such hybrid species as the bandicoot of eastern Indonesia. Small mammals such as monkeys and shrews are the most numerous, while in many areas the larger mammals have been pushed into more remote areas and national preserves. Bears, gibbons, elephants, deer, civets, and pigs are found in both mainland and insular Southeast Asia, as are diminishing numbers of tigers. The Malayan tapir, a relative of the rhinoceros, is native to the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, while the tarsier is found in the Philippines and parts of Indonesia. A number of rare endemic species are found in Indonesia and East (insular) Malaysia, including the Sumatran and Javan rhinoceros, the orangutan, the anoa (a dwarf buffalo), the babirusa (a wild swine), and the palm civet. As the pace of development accelerates and populations continue to expand in Southeast Asia, concern has increased regarding the impact of human activity on the region’s environment. A significant portion of Southeast Asia, however, has not changed greatly and remains an unaltered home to wildlife. The nations of the region, with only few exceptions, have become aware of the need to maintain forest cover not only to prevent soil erosion but to preserve the diversity of flora and fauna. Indonesia, for example, has created an extensive system of national parks and preserves for this purpose. Even so, such species as the Javan rhinoceros face extinction, with only a handful of the animals remaining in western Java

RED W10 T4 - The Rescue at the Wildlife Reserve

balmy temperature wonderful nice temperature, приятная мягкая температура provide a tropical escape give somebody a way out to a hot place, обеспечивать кого-то побегом в тропики get away from it all go somewhere different to have a rest or holiday, сбежать ото всех natural scenenry wildlife, flora and fauna, естественная природа take-your-breath-away being extremely beautiful or exciting, захватывающий дух luscious jungle sweet, luxurious, ароматный, благоухающий, роскошный embrace one's wild side behave in one's strangest way, проявить свою дикую сторону hedonistic hideaway an escape for people who love life, укромное местечко для людей, любящих жизнь ring in celebrate, отмечать be blessed with be lucky to have something, быть благословенным чем-то venture go somewhere despite difficulties, risk doing smth, отважиться star gazing looking at the stars, смотрение на звезды be short of to have very little, не хватать let all of one's tensions melt away get rid of problems, have no more problems, избавиться от напряжения offer invaluable insight have strong ideas after trying smth, предложить неоценимое озарение be after smth be trying to get smth or buy it or find it, искать что-то abundance a very large quantity of something, разнообразие, множество available to try be at hand to test, в наличии попробовать be popular among/amongst ba famous, быть известным средм be more your scene be your choice, быть вашим выбором, по душе aptly appropriately; correctly, верно, соответствующим образом well-deserved rest relaxation one should and must have, заслуженный отдых

Create a vocabulary quiz for 10th grade EFL students at CEFR B1 level. For example: adequate means: 1. sufficient 2. more and more 3. not enough. Use all the vocabulary below and provide accompanying definitions per the example to create this vocabulary quiz. The vocabulary quiz must contain at least 226 questions including the following vocabulary: addition advance advanced advertising among other things analysis appear approach as at least average be responsible for something be responsible for doing something before besides can challenge chance change characteristic claim come after come first come last common complicated concern conditions conduct consequence considerable cope critic current decrease delayed deliberately demonstrate design destruction development disagreement disaster discovery dislike do doubt drop educate efficient emphasis enjoyable essay essentially even if even though event exactly except that exist extraordinary feature feedback figure financial finding findings flexible flood flu focus on somebody or something focus frequent fresh frighten from gain generate guidance hopefully ideal illness illustrate image in terms of something in actual fact in connection with something in that case in the meantime initial instruction intelligence interest introduce invest investigate just about just about keep on doing something kind of knowledge lack landscape likely limited little look at something low material mean means measure mention miss misunderstand more or less must naturally nature necessarily nevertheless not at all not only notice objective occasional official on the one hand on the other hand once others otherwise out of date participate particular past perform personality personally planet planning plant point of view policy pollution popular population prevent priority private probable produce profession professor proof proposed protest provided (that) psychology public purpose quality question question questionnaire react reasonable recommend recycle regard region regular relevant reliable rely on/upon sb/sth request research result review revise risk run out of rural salary sample seldom sense set up sth or set sth up significant skilled slight specialist specific still structure study supposed surface take advantage of sth thanks to somebody or something theory throw away throw out something throw something away throw out transport trash treatment unfortunately unhealthy unique united universe unknown unlike unlikely urban vary view visible vision volume whom wildlife within worthwhile would additional analyze analyst appearance on average change characterize complicate concerned concerning concerned with something consequently cope with something criticize criticism currently deliberate demonstration designer developing developed educated educator efficiency efficiently emphasize enjoyment existence existing figure out something finance flexibility frequency hopeful illustration initially intelligent interested in something investor investment investigation investigator limitation meaning occasionally old-fashioned participant participation particularly performance planned pollute prevention producer professional psychological psychologist publicly reaction reasonably recommendation regardless regarding regional relevance researcher resulting revision sensible set out something set something out significantly significance skillful slightly specialize specifically specify theoretical transportation unfortunate unity unite universal variation viewer

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