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Wolves of yellowstone
Quiz by Tonia Smith
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All about Orcas Orcas are mammals. Orcas are big dolphins. Orcas live in the ocean. Orcas are big dolphins. Orcas breathe air. Orcas are big dolphins. Orcas are black and white. Orcas are big dolphins. Orcas are called "killer whales." Orcas are strong hunters. Orcas hunt in packs. Orcas are strong hunters. Orcas have sharp teeth. Orcas are strong hunters. Orcas eat other animals. Orcas are strong hunters. Orcas have big fins. Orcas are strong hunters. Orcas are called "wolves of the sea." Orcas are strong hunters.The Wonder of WolvesAs long as the birth rate of a population exceeds the death rate, the population size will continue to increase. At a steady, positive per capita growth rate, the population will add a larger number of indi- viduals with each generation. So, a population can increase rapidly with even a small growth rate. A pattern of increase in number due to a steady growth rate is called exponential growth. The observa- tion that populations can grow in this pattern is called the exponential (EKS-poh-NEN-shuhl) model of population growth. One way to understand the exponential model is to study a graph of population size over time. A graph of exponential growth makes the characteristic J-shaped curve shown in Figure 19-6. With expo- nential growth, population size grows slowly when it is small, but growth speeds up as individuals join the population. The exponen- tial model leads us to predict that the population size will increase indefinitely and by a greater number with each time period. Applying the Exponential Model A scientific model is useful if it helps to predict or explain pat- terns that can be observed in reality. Indeed, the exponential model matches observed patterns of growth of real populations, but only under certain conditions and for limited periods of time. For example, a population of microorganisms can grow exponen- tially if provided with an abundance of food and space and if waste is removed. Figure 19-7 shows the growth of bacteria in a laboratory. However, the exponential model does not apply to most popu- lations. In natural environments, populations cannot grow indefi- nitely because the resources they depend on become scarce and harmful wastes accumulate. Any factor, such as space, that restrains the growth of a population is called a limiting factor. All populations are ultimately limited by their environment.SPECIES INTERACTIONS Just as populations contain interacting members of a single species, communities contain interacting populations of many species. Many species have specific types of interactions with other species. This chapter introduces the five major types of interactions among species: predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism. These categories are based on whether each species causes any benefit or harm to the other species in a given relationship. PREDATION In predation (pree-DAY-shuhn), an individual of one species, called the predator, eats all or part of an individual of another species, called the prey. Predation is a powerful force in a community. The relationship between predator and prey influences the size of each population and affects where and how each species lives. Examples of predators include carnivores—predators that eat ani- mals—and herbivores—predators that eat plants. Many types of organisms can act as predators or prey. All heterotrophs are either predators or parasites or both. Predator Adaptations Natural selection favors the evolution of predator adaptations for finding, capturing, and consuming prey. For example, rattlesnakes have an acute sense of smell and have heat-sensitive pits located below each nostril. These pits enable a rattlesnake to detect warm- bodied prey, even in the dark. Many snakes use venom to disable or kill their prey. A venomous rat- tlesnake is shown in Figure 20-1. Other predator adaptations include the sticky webs of spiders, the flesh-cutting teeth of wolves and coyotes, the speed of cheetahs, and the striped pat- tern of a tiger’s coat, which provides camouflage in a grassland habitat. Many herbivores have mouthparts suited to cutting and chewing tough vegetation. A predator’s survival depends on its ability to capture food, but a prey’s survival depends on its ability to avoid being captured. Therefore, natural selection also favors adaptations in prey that allow the prey to escape, avoid, or otherwise ward offArctic Animals Some animals live in cold places. The Arctic is one of the coldest places on Earth. Hares live in the Arctic. They turn white in the winter. Snowy owls live in the Arctic. They hunt in the day. Foxes live in the Arctic. They have thick fur. Wolves live in the Arctic. They hunt in packs. Caribou live in the Arctic. They are good swimmers. Moose live in the Arctic. They fight with their antlers. Harp seals live in the Arctic. They have white fur as pups. Orcas live in the Arctic. They hunt many sea animals. Polar bears live in the Arctic. Moms stay with their cubs for years. A predator is an animal that hunts, catches, and eats other animals. For example, a spider eating a fly caught at its web is a predator, or a pack of lions eating a buffalo.  A predator attacks and eats its prey. Predators may or may not kill their prey before eating them.  Predators are usually carnivores (meat-eaters) or omnivores (eat plants and other animals).  Predators will hunt other animals for food, for examples of predators are lions, tigers, crocodiles, snakes, wolves, and sharks.  Predators are generally larger than their prey and more powerful; many have claws and paws to hold onto their prey. They usually have large canine teeth to pierce through skin and kill prey.  A prey is an animal hunted and killed for food by another animal.  Many prey animals live in large groups that give them more pairs of eyes to look out for danger.  Many prey animals have a means of protection. This may be a hard shell or spine. They may be poisonous.  Some of the bigger prey animals have horns for protection.  Other clever prey animals like the skunk have a foul smell to squirt at the enemy.WolvesWolves - COOL - Unit 2wolves- cool unit 2