A musical term that tells us how to start and end notes. Examples of this could be marcato, staccato, tenuto, etc.

A dynamic marking indicating a sudden change from loud (forte) to soft (piano).

Two notes that are written differently, but sound the same. An example of this would be B flat and A sharp.

Short, horizontal lines added above or below a musical staff to extend its range.

A combination of pitches and rhythms that is the “main theme” of a song or section of music.