A direct vote in which a country's people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal

An English document draw up by nobles under King John which limited the power of the king. It has influenced later constitutional documents in Britain and America.

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)

Belief in one God

Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering.

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes.

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority

A doctrine that society should be governed by certain ethical principles that are part of nature and, as such, can be understood by reason.

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women

absolute ruler who uses power to bring about political and social change

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

the division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.

King of France who was overthrown with the French Revolution (killed by the guillotine) Wife was Marie Antoinette

financial expert of Louis XVI, he advised Louis to reduce court spending, reform his government, abolish tarriffs on internal trade, but the First and Second Estates got him fired

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).

a legally recognized subject or national of a state or commonwealth, either native or naturalized.

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

old order; system of government in pre-revolution France

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

warfare without front lines and with irregular forces operating in the midst of, and often hidden or protected by, civilian populations

device used during the Reign of Terror to execute thousands by beheading

(1748-1793); France; She demanded the French women be given the same rights as men. "Declaration of the Rights of Women". Women enthusiastically participated in the early phases of the French Revolution, however, while there were brief improvements in the legal status of women, citizenship in the republic was soon restricted to men; associated with the French Revolution and Feminism

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

powerful banking and industrial families in Japan

The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization.

An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).

A person with certain rights and responsibilities in his or her country or community

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.

the modernization and industrialization of Japan in the 1800's

Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (1805-1872)

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

A mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan

(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Overthrown by the Mexican Revolution of 1910.

Early leader in the Mexican Revolution; in 1911 became president of Mexico; wanted land ownership and free, honest elections, two years later he was murdered, led to power struggles

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated.

a machine that removed seeds from cotton fiber