A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power

Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.

Distibution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong

Government in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch's powers

Government whose power is defined and limited by law

A government ruled by a few powerful people

An agreement by which people give up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos

Rights that belongs to all humans from birth, such as life, liberty, and property

French for "philosopher"; applied to all intellectuals during the Enlightenment

Policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference

Market regulated by the natural laws of supply and demand

restricting access to ideas and information

Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

system of government in pre-revolution France

social class

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

the right to vote

extreme pride in one's nation

to give up a position, right, or power

Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms, supported Catholicism, and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation

King of Spain who was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies.

French Protestants

Formerly Henry of Navarre; ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism. Survived St. Bartholomew Day, signed Edict of Nantes, and quoted as saying "Paris is worth a mass."

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland whose power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War where he was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

English general and statesman who led the Roundheads in the English Civil War and became a dictator-style ruler.

Enlightenment thinker who supported the idea of a total monarchy and that people are born selfish and cruel. He believed that the only way to hold control over a population was absolute rule.

English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. He also believed that if the government fails, the people have the right to overthrow it.

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of powers.

French philosopher who believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

A French thinker who believed that human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. He believed that government should exist to protect common good and be a democracy.

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

King of France who summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded so revolution followed, ending in his and his wife's execution.

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

Reference to Parisian workers during the French Revolution who wore loose-fitting trousers rather than the tight-fitting breeches worn by aristocratic men.

Frenchman who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution; his execution ended the Reign of Terror.

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. He failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated his throne in 1814, but returned to power briefly in 1815 before he was defeated and died in exile.

Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship in France.

A palace built by Louis XIV outside of Paris; it was home to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.

Vow by members of the 3rd estate not to disband until a constitution was written during the French Revolution.

Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison and was later stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.

The historic period during the French Revolution when thousands were executed.

This was the civil code that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property.

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy.

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

The process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers

Money or wealth used to invest in business or enterprise

Person who assumes financial risk in the hope of making a profit

System developed in the 18th century in which tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes, also known as the cottage industry

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

Multistory building divided into crowded apartments

Organization of workers who bargain for better pay and working conditions

Idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of peopleI

System in which the people as a whole, rather than private individuals, own all property and operate all businesses

A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

The working class.

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

A production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry.

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin.

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed

19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism.

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

Country with its own government but under the control of an outside power

Area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

Hindu custom that called for a window to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre

Indian soldier who served in an army set up by the English trading company

Right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation

Place where people convicted of crimes are sent

Original or native to a country or region

Scottish missionary and explorer who discovered the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls. He came to promote Christianity and got lost

British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. He helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State.

King of Belgium who was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the infamous ruler of the Congo Free State.

Political and spiritual leader during India's struggle with Great Britain for home rule. He was known for peaceful resistance.

The revolt against the British by many different groups across India 1857 but led particularly by some of the disgruntled Indian soldiers working for the British. It caused the British government to take over more direct control of India from the British East India Company.

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, started by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.