belief in more than one god or in many gods

A series of rulers from the same family

A city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside

(land between the rivers) The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; birthplace of the Sumerian and Babylonian Civilizations.

an area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where the first civilizations began

the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.

the belief that the Chinese king's right to rule came from the gods

the historical pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties

Roman general who ended the Roman Republic when he seized power and became dictator for life; 100-44 B.C.

A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws.

Government in which citizens vote on laws directly. Women, slaves, and foreigners excluded

A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility

A group of 300 men elected to govern Rome in the Roman Republic.

A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.

The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.). First Roman Emperor

the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

a large ancient city of the Indus civilization, created in present-day Pakistan laid out in grid pattern

Indus Valley city laid out in a grid pattern. Had a complex irrigation and sewer system.

An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds

A government controlled by religious leaders ( Egypt)

A government ruled by a few powerful people

an ordinary citizen in the ancient Roman republic

In ancient Rome, a member of the privileged upper class.

A city-state in ancient Greece.

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society and stresses a moral code of conduct based on filial piety.

A society with cities, complex institutions (government/education), specialized workers, writing, and advanced technology

A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader.

Egypt was called this because it would not have existed without the Nile

a set of 282 laws that dealt with almost every part of daily life in Babylonia. It did not treat everyone equally, those with wealth had more power.

A group of states or territories controlled by one ruler

Capital of the Byzantine Empire; located on straight between Mediterranean and Black Sea; a center for trade- first known as Byzantium>Constantinople>Istanbul

Byzantine emperor; revised old Roman laws to create new ones

Law code of the Byzantine empire. Revised, organized, and updated version of Roman laws that formed the basis for today's civil law.

Wife and co-ruler of Justinian; champion of women's rights on Justinian's Code. Influenced Justinian to stay during Nika Rebellion.

Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world. A legacy of Justinian

The Byzantine Empire is considered the continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire, after the Western Roman Empire fell. It capital was centered in Constantinople (formerly Byzantium), and it carried on the Roman legacy, with citizens still identifying as "Romans" . it was the "New Rome

(1050BC-400BC) Longest dynasty in Chinese history. Established a new political order with an emperor at the highest level, then lords and warriors and then peasants. Claimed the mandate of heaven gave them the right to rule.

the period from 475 BC to 246 BC following the decline of the Zhou dynasty where there was fighting between regional lords for power in China. there was no centralized government until the until the unification of China under the Qin dynasty.

the shortest Chinese dynasty (from term-246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government. UJnified China. It was run strictly by Emperor Shi Huangdi using the legalism philosophy. He built much of the Great Wall and the terracotta soldiers.

(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity and the Golden Age of China

Exams that Chinese bureaucrats passed to serve in state, based on Confucian concepts, Han dynasty

Mongolian Emperor whose empire stretched from the Black Sea to the Pacific Ocean (1162-1227); known as a brilliant organizer but used brutality to terrorize enemies. First to unite all of the Mongolian tribes.

nomadic People from Central Asia. They united under ghenghis kahn and created the largest single land empire in history including most of eurasia.

Four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following the death of Chinggis Khan.

Middle East (Persia), 13th century

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-After Genghis Khan's death, This was the Khanate where the Mongols controlled Russia

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-Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368).

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(1215-1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China. Italian explorer Marco polo was his adviser.

(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.

a period of peace in Mongolia lasting from the mid-1200s until the mid-1300s; Silk Road was made safe, led to increased trade between Europe & Asia

* Mongol rule in declined as a result of financial difficulties (excessive taxing and spending & reduced revenues); also, Mongols lacked sufficient experience in governing a settled society.

protected and revitalized trade on the Silk Roads

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Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.

A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government, Successor to Muhammad

Connected China, India, and the Middle East. Traded goods and helped to spread culture.

Trading network linking North Africa with sub-saharan across the Saharan. Traded gold and salt

Trade across the Arabian peninsula

The exchange of goods using sea routes primarily used over the Indian Ocean

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. The first unified state of West Africa that supplied the majority of the world's gold from 500 CE-1400's.Declined due to invasions by the Almoravids from the north.

The second great west African empire was established by Sundiata. Took control of the trans-Saharan trade routes and taxed all travelers to increase wealth and create a powerful army. Declined due to weak leadership/rulers after Mansa Musa and many civil wars.

the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes. The "Lion Prince"; a member of the Keita clan; created a unified state.

Ruler of Mali (r.1312-1337 CE) who made a hajj to Mecca; on the way there, he spread enormous amounts of gold showing the wealth of Mali; on the way back, he brought back education and Islamic culture. Scholars made Timbuktu a global center for learning and Europeans came to know about the wealth of Africa.

Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning. Included three large mosques and a world-famous university built with taxes from trade routes and Mansa Musa

largest West African empire that grew due to trade along the Niger River after Mali declined. Controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591. Declined due to the Morrocan invasion and control of trans-Saharan trade routes.

Powerful empires that dominated the trade of gold and salt in West Africa, one after another, from 300 to 1600 A.D.

King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival. Charles the great, 1st Holy Roman Emperor, this person was named emperor of the Romans after crushing a rebellion in Rome, unified western Europe after the fall of Rome, Father of Europe, built schools.

the political and social system that developed in Europe during the Middle Ages

A large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord.

a self sufficient, economic structure that is the relationship b/w the Lord and the peasants or serfs who produced all the necessary goods to keep the manor running

Also called the Black Death was a deadly disease that spread through Europe and killed one out of every three people. Plague spread along trade routes to Europe from the fleas on rats.

Town populations fell

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Series of wars and pilgrimages with the goals of retaking the Holy Land for Christians (Jerusalem); originally called in 1095 by Pope Urban II after a request from the Emperor of Byzantine and the Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox church

increased desire for luxury items from asia, increased trade, increased learning and literacy which lead to Reniassance, broke down feudalism, helped create strong central governments with king as the politcal ruler not the pope.

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-increased tensions between Christians and Muslims

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Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests in Europe

1450-1600; An era of "rebirth" in Europe, sparking a renewed interest in learning and the arts.

Growth of towns, Black death, Crusades. increased trade with Middle East and Asia

Philosophy that celebrates human cultural achievements and potential.

a person with many talents or areas of knowledge.

An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, engineer, scientist, and architect - created the paintings of the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper​

- Corruption in the church (indulgences)

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considered to be the father of the protestant reformation. Wrote 95 Theses to challenge the Catholic church and sale of indulgences. He stated that people are saved by FAITH ALONE" not works.

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-(1509-1564) The Frenchman was influenced by Luther.

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Henry VIII's break from the Catholic Church because the pope would not grant him a divorce. So he created the church of England to get a divorce.

Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church

church leaders that met for 18 years to reaffirm Catholic teachings. Deemed good works + faith needed for salvation

Catholic missionaries trying to regain followers for the Church after the reformation. Jesuits set up schools to properly educate people of Catholic ways.

- Religious Divisions in Europe called denominations (Western Europe no longer unified by religion)

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Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

In feudal Europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to knights.

A man who received honor and land in exchange for serving a lord as a soldier. follows the code of Chivalry or code of conduct to protect the weak.

A person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord

the piece of land given from a wealthy landowner to those in his manor

The taking away of a person's right of membership in a Christian church. Expelled from the Catholic Church.

Birthplace of the Renaissance; In 1434, the Medici family took control and helped make it a cultural center.

powerful banking family who ruled Florence in the 1400s, patrons of the arts

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs using the scientific method.

Renaissance

Polish astronomer who believed that the Earth orbited the sun.(heliocentric theory)

This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, the planets do not orbit at a constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun.

(1564-1642) An Italian who provided more evidence for heliocentrism and questioned if the heavens really were perfect. He invented a new telescope, studied the sky, and published what he discovered. Because his work provided evidence that the Catholic church was wrong he was arrested v and forced to recant his findings. He ended up on house arrest for the rest of his life.

1643-1727. English physicist, mathmetician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian. Published work in 1687 describing universal gravitation, and the three laws of motion, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics.

1. Technology - New inventions like the compass and the caravel made it possible for European to sail beyond the shores of Europe and North Africa

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(1371-1433?) Chinese naval explorer who sailed to show the power of Ming dyansty China. He had the largest ships known. He sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death. He demanded a tribute for China in each place he landed.

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

astrolabe, magnetic compass, improved maps, caravel

An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

Discovered a route to India for Portugal by sailing around Africa. The route was very profitable.

The Italian sailor who persuaded King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to fund his expedition across the Atlantic to discover a new trade route to Asia. Instead of arriving at China or Japan, he reached the Bahamas in 1492.

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas (new world) and Europe (old world) following Columbus's voyages.

Portugese explorer Ferdinand Magellan led the first European voyage of discovery to circumnavigate the globe. Founded Guam and the Philippines. Died in the Philippines from attack.

Established Quebec. First permanent French colony in America by sailing down the St. Lawrence river.

The Spanish conquistador known for conquering (taking over) the Aztec empire

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

A Mesoamerican civilization of Central America and southern Mexico. Achievements include mathematics-0, architecture-pyramids, and a 365 day a year calendar. They flourished between the 4th and 12th centuries C.E..Polytheistic-worshiped sun god and many others. Agriculture based economy with markets and trade.

(1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mesoamerican civilization,lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups.priests/aristocrats were at the top of society, built a ceremonial center, polythesitic but worshiped the jaguar and werejaguar, best remains are the stone carved heads , use of calendar, spread through trade, created ball game

Terrace farms appears as steps cut into a mountainside. Enabled the Inca of Mesoamerica to grow enough food for their large populations.

Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Montezuma I. Powerful empire founded on Lake Texcoco (Mexico). Capital at Tenochtitlan- they drained the swamp to build. Sun god required human sacrifice. Conquered other people and sacrificed their people. The economy was based on conquered people paying tribute and agriculture. Also build pyramids.

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. polytheistic but didnt sacrifce humans as much as other mesoamerican socieities. Used quipu for record keeping, build stone temples, used terrace farming.

-Mayans and Aztecs

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maize (corn), beans, squash wild game but in Inca they also ate alpaca and llama.

Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors