SAMANTHA STEVENS, WHO IS AN [1] __________ ON THE HISTORY OF SPYING, HAS AGREED TO ANSWER OUR QUESTIONS.

When did [2] __________ begin?

People have spied for [3] __________ of years.

The word "spy" comes from the [4] __________ word specere, which means to watch, and that is generally what spies do

However, spies have always done a lot [5] __________ than that.

Apart from just watching people, they also helped when rulers had to [6] __________ different situations.

For example, many years ago it was much easier for kings to win [7] __________ and stay in power when they had spies who gave them information about enemies who were working against them.

What else do [8] __________ do?

Spies need to send [9] __________ .

In order to get their message to the right person without anyone else discovering it, they have to use some very [10] __________ ways.

[11] __________ history, spies have hidden messages in their clothing, bread, candies, toothbrushes and even in their teeth.

Once a king wanted to send a [12] __________ message.

However, his spy had to pass through an area that was controlled by the [13] __________ , and the king was afraid he might be caught.

He [14] __________ the message on the spy's head and waited for his hair to grow.

When the spy reached the person that the message was [15] __________ for, he was given a haircut and the message was uncovered.

Another way to pass on messages is to leave them in a "dead drop" - a [16] __________ , such as under a stone.

This way, the spies do not meet face-to-face, which protects their [17] __________ .

Of course, modern technology has made sending messages much [18] __________

Spies also use [19] __________ , don't they?

Yes, indeed. Spies have used [20] __________ different codes over the years.

Some codes can be amazingly [21] __________ .

For example, lighting a [22] __________ at a window at a certain time might mean the spy is confirming the success of a job.

Other codes use numbers and [23] __________ .

The problem is always to ensure that the code [24] __________ a secret, and this can be difficult.

However, you don't always need to think of a [25] __________ code.

During World War I, some US soldiers in Europe were sure that the Germans were listening to the messages that they [26] __________ .

There were some soldiers in their unit from the Choctaw tribe, who spoke a [27] __________ which not many people understood.

These soldiers became responsible for sending and [28] __________ messages.

For example, they used their word for a stone to talk about a hand [29] __________

There was no way the Germans could [30] __________ what they said.

Why do people [31] __________ on their own country?

One of the reasons could be to make [32] __________ .

Foreign governments pay a lot of money for enemy [33] __________ , especially when the person is able to supply important information that the other country needs.

Some people just do it because they [34] __________ their country's government, or they simply have a desire to help another country.

Can you give us an example of a [35] __________ like that?

Yes. Melita Norwood was a British woman who worked as a secretary in a [36] __________ office.

She had [37] __________ to the West's nuclear secrets, which she passed on to the Russians for over forty years.

She felt that the British government had [38] __________ its people and that people weren't treated equally.

She wanted British [39] __________ to be more like the Russian one.

The British only discovered she was a spy when she was an old lady, years after she had stopped passing on [40] __________ .

They only found out when a Russian agent "went over" to the British side and [41] __________ her activities.

Norwood did it because of her [42] __________ beliefs.

She never took any money for her [43] __________ .

When interviewed, she said she would do the same thing [44] __________ .

What an interesting story, Samantha. Thank you for the [45] __________ .