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#1 Eating bread that requires ืขื ื ืืืืช ืืืื
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Make mcq quiz with 4 option in which one is correct -'10 Basis of Material Science โข .....;;;";;;"~~;;,,;;,,,,;.;.,,;;,,,;,,;.;,.,------------ 6. Temporary materials: Some materials are meant to be placed in the oral cavity for a short period of time for different reasons. โข Temporary crowns: While a permanent crown is prepared in the dental laboratory, the patient must wait for few days before it can be fabricated and cemented into place. Does patient experience any problems during this time period? If the tooth is vital (the pulp is alive), the patient is likely to experience pain and sensitivity while eating and drinking, also it looks unesthetic. What can be done to solve this problem? A temporary crown is placed before the patient leaves the clinic. It is constructed and luted in the same appointment in which the crown preparation is done. Temporary crowns are not very strong or esthetic but they serve adequately till the permanent crown is ready to be cemented. โข Temporary restorations: Sometimes it is difficult to decide immediately the best line of treatment for a particular tooth. The exact condition of the pulp may not be obvious to the dentist from the patient's symptoms. A dentist removes all or part of the decay and then places a temporary restoration to have time to observe the behaviour of the pulp or to give the pilip time to heal before deciding the further treatment required. Classification based on Location of Fabrication 4,9 Materials can be classified based on the location of fabrication into: โข Direct restorative materials. โข Indirect restorative materials Direct restorative materials: They include those materials which are used to restore cavity preparations directly in the oral cavity (Box 1.5). Box 1.5: Examples of direct restorative materials Amalgam, composites, glass ionomer and other materials, which set by chemical reactions in the mouth. Indirect restorative materials: It includes those restorations which must be fabricated outside the mouth, indirectly on a cast/ model/ die, because their processing condition would harm oral tissues. Materials used in the construction of such prosthesis are called indirect restorative materials (Box 1.6). Box 1.6: Examples of indirect restorative materials Gold inlays, crowns of metal, ceramic and polymers, which are processed at elevated temperatures. Some indirect composite restorations can be processed under specific wavelength of light, e.g. Ceramage. Classification based on Longevity of Use 1. Permanent restorations: These restorations are not planned to be replaced for a particular time period. Though they are referred to as permanent, actually they are not, e.g. fillings, crowns, bridges and dentures do not last forever (Fig. 1.5). 2. Temporary restorations: These restorations are planned to be replaced in a short period of time, such as few days to weeks. For ~ Permanent C/) c c -.2 0 c- :;::; Cll co Interim ~ Q; 0 .8ll::1iJ C/) o~ Cll a:: c:=:J Temporary Time period Fig. 1.5: Diagram depicting the time period of use of a restoration. (Arrow in permanent restoration depicts that such restorations are not planned to be replaced for a long period of time.) Introducton to Dental Materials Dental materials Box 1.7: Characteristics of metals 1. High thermal and electrical conductivity 2. Ductility (pure metals are very soft and they can be bent without breaking) 3. Opacity (they do not transmit light) 4. Luster (they have a surface that strongly reflects light and appears bright and shiny) 5. They tend to dissolve to some extent in water or other aqueous solutions, producing cations. 6. All metals are white (actually gray) except for gold, which is yellow, and copper, which is reddish. 7. All metals are solid at room temperature except mercury, which is liquid at room temperature and is used with silver alloys as amalgam. 8. All metals have high melting temperatures because of high strength of the metallic bond that holds the atoms together. 3. Polymers 4. Composites Composites are mixtures of two or more of the first three classes in which the different components remain distinct from one another in the final structure. A common example is composite resin. Fig. 1.7a: Three-dimensional structure of iron (metal) Metals Metals are the oldest of the three classes of materials that have been used as dental materials. Metals are characterized by metallic bonds (Box 1.7) which will be discussed in the next chapter. Metals solidify with their atoms in a regular or crystalline arrangement (see Chapter 2), often in the form of a cube (Fig. 1.7a). example, temporary fillings done in a tooth during root canal treatment, which have to be replaced within 2-4 days during subsequent visits. They are used to protect the tooth and provide function till the final restoration is done. 3. Interim restoration: At times, dental treatment requires "long-term" definite temporary restorations or "interim" restorations. For examle, a 7-year-old child, met with trauma and fractured one of his central incisors. A large composite build- up may serve his immediate requirement until the root formation is completed and a permanent crown is placed. 5 Classification based on the Chemical Nature of the Material These are the atoms that make up a material and the way they are bonded together determine the properties of that materiaLS Weak bonds make for weak materials and vice versa (Table 1.4). Materials can be classified into different categories based on their primary atomic bonds (Fig. 1.6): 1. Metals 2. Ceramics Fig. 1.6: Classification of dental materials based on chemical nature 12 Basis of Material Science Box 1.9: Benefits of ceramics in dentistry 1. Many ceramic oxides are used as pigmenting agents. These oxides produce good range of colors. Due to this characteristic, we are able to match almost any tooth color with good esthetic results. 2. They are inert, i.e. not chemically reactive. This quality provides ceramics with good bio- compatibility. 3. Ceramic materials are translucent, like natural teeth. This translucency gives the ceramic crown a more natural appearance than any other dental material. Fig. 1.7b: Internal arrangement of tetrahedral structure of ceramic (silica) four large oxygen atoms surround smaller silicon atom Ceramics A ceramic is a compound formed by the union of a metallic and a non-metallic element (Box 1.8). Most of these materials are oxides, formed by the union of oxygen with metals such as silicon, aluminum, calcium and magnesium (Fig.1.7b). Ceramics may be simple or complex. Examples of simple ceramics are alumina and silica. Examples of complex ceramics are feldspar (potassium aluminum silicate) and kaolin (hydrated aluminum silicate). Ceramics may be crystalline or non- crystalline (i.e. amorphous). Porcelain is a specific type of ceramic used extensively in dentistry (Box 1.9). Box 1.8: Characteristics of ceramics 1. High melting points. 2. Brittleness, which means they cannot be bent or deformed (no sliding) to any extent without actually cracking and breaking. 3. They are poor conductor of heat and electricity. 4. They are chemically inert. 5. They have excellent esthetic result in terms of matching natural teeth. Fig. 1.8: Stucture of synthetic polymer Polymers They are the latest addition (early to mid- 1900s) to dental materials. Most of the polymers are nowadays synthesized by humans. Polymers are giant, long-chain organic molecules (Fig. 1.8). Polymers are characterized by covalent bonds within each molecule, giving them tremendous strength in a single direction. Try to break a nylon rope by pulling it! They are poor conductors of heat and electri- city. Most polymers have a structure containing thousands of carbon atoms linked together like beads on a string. Others, such as silicone polymers are formed with silicon-oxygen bonds. Introducton to Dental Materials Table 1.4: Characteristics of different materials 13 Characteristics Bond Properties Crystal structure Metals Metallic bonding High strength and hardness, high electrical and thermal conductivity BCC, FCC, or HCP unit cells Ceramics Ionic or covalent bonding, or both High hardness and stiffness, electrically insulating, refractory, and chemically inert Crystalline or amorphous Polymers Covalent bonding Low sensitivity, high electrical resistivity, and low thermal conductivity, strength and stiffness vary widely Amorphous and crystalline Composites Composites are combinations of any of the basic ceramic, metallic and polymeric materials (Box 1.10). Each material that makes up composites is called a phase. Their properties tend to be somewhere between those of their basic constituents and are used to enhance their performance, longevity and handling chracterstics. Box 1.10: Types of composites in dentistry 1. Ceramic - metallic composite: Tungsten carbide bur. 2. Metal - polymer composite: Die materials in dental laboratory. 3. Ceramic - polymer composite: Enamel, dentin, bone and restorative composites. A composite is a kind of "combination" of materials, which compliment each other. The properties lacking in one material are compensated by those of the other material. For example, restorative composite has two phases, namely resin and fillers. Teeth and bones are examples of natural composites. Enamel is a composite of hydroxyapatite (which is a ceramic material) and protein (which is a polymer). EVALUATION OF DENTAL MATERIALS Most manufacturers of dental materials maintain a quality assurance programme (As per international standard like ADA specifications) and materials are thoroughly tested before being released into the market for dental practitioner (Fig. 1.9). Laboratory Evaluations Most ADA/ ANSI specifications involve laboratory tests. The tests performed as per these specifications are useful but they all are performed in vitro, (carried out in the laboratory away from the clinical conditions) which have a lot of limitations in clinical practice.lO Clinical Notes 1. For example, most of the direct restorative materials are tested for their compressive strength but ultimately the material is subjected to a combination of compressive, tensile and shear stresses, which may decide the final success or failure of the material under masticatory load. 2. Similarly upper dentures mostly fracture along the midline because of bending. Hence a bending or transverse strength ~B-a-s-is-o-f-M-a-t-e-ria-I-S~c-ie-n-c-e-------------- ---------. test is far more meaningful for denture base materials than a compression test. Clinical Trials The majority of new materials are subjected to extensive clinical trials normally in co-operation with a dental college or hospital departments prior to their release. CONCLUSION As the number of available materials is going up, it is important that the dentist remains more aware about new products so that their judgement about the selection of material remains successful. Materials which have not been thoroughly evaluated should be avoided, specially with clinical dentistry falling under Consumer Protection Act (CPA). I Research and development I iI Manufacturer/analysis Ideal requirements for clinical use: Thermal, optical, mechanical, chemical, biological Available materials and their properties are evaluated Launch of new I product Choice and selection of material by the dentist Critical assessment based on clinical performance I I H feedback to I
Dรญa de los Muertos (Day of the Dead) When and Where? People all over the world celebrate Dรญa de los Muertos, or "Day of the Dead." People in Mexico have celebrated holidays like this one for thousands of years. All over the United States, people hold parades and celebrations. These usually take place around November 1 and 2. Is It Halloween? Dรญa de los Muertos might seem like Halloween. The two holidays are different, though. Halloween is often about scaring people. Dรญa de los Muertos is a time of joy. People remember and celebrate loved ones who have died Lidia's Dรญa de los Muertos. Lidia Terรกn-Cooper grew up in Mexico. Lidia and her family spent every Dรญa de los Muertos at the cemetery. The family brought flowers and a picnic. They told stories about those who had died. Bands played special songs. Lidia and the other children danced and played all day. Dรญa de los Muertos was always a happy day for Lidia. Lidia lives in the United States now. Lidia and her family walk in the parade in Tucson (TOO-sawn), Arizona, every year. Before the parade, Lidia makes masks. Children and adults paint the masks and wear them in the parade. Day of the Dead for Children. Some places have a parade for children. Children decorate cardboard wings to wear. They paint their faces and put on costumes.Altars. Dรญa de los Muertos has many other traditions. Some people build altars in their homes. The altars are covered with cloth. The family puts up photos of the person who has died. They might add a favorite item or piece of clothing of the loved one. The family lights candles around the altars. They also make special bread. They might even leave a favorite drink. Flowers, skeleton toys, and dolls also decorate the altars. Sugar Skulls. Some people make sugar skulls. People decorate the sugar skulls with colorful frosting. Children love eating the sweet skulls. Art. Some artists make paintings for the holiday. The paintings show skeletons dancing and playing music. The art is a way to celebrate friends and family members who have died. Full of Life. Dรญa de los Muertos helps people to feel better after losing someone they love. Marching in a parade or decorating altars can help them celebrate that special person. No other holiday is so full of life, costumes, masks, joy, memories, and love
โข Agriculture is growing of crops and keeping of animals. โข People who practice agriculture are called farmers. โข Agriculture is very important to the family. Benefits to the family โข It provides food. โข It provides money. โข Agriculture gives us medicine. โข It provides jobs. โข Agriculture gives us transport and power. โข It helps most families become self sufficient. โข Farm tools are instruments used on farms to make work easier. โข They are usually handheld and are used frequently when practicing agricultural activities. โข Farm tools are light in weight, easy to handle and are suited to the strength of the farmer Name of tool Picture Use Watering can For fine watering of seed beds bucket Carrying manure, fertilizer,seed and ripe crops Name of tool Picture Use Sickle Cutting grass and harvesting of cereals like rice and wheat Slasher Cutting down tall grass and weeds USES OF FARM TOOLS Name of tool Picture Use Garden trowel Transplanting seedlings and making planting holes Hand fork Shallow cultivation of soil Aerating the soil USES OF FARM TOOLS Name of tool Picture Use Shovel Loading and offloading soil or manure into a wheelbarrow, scotch cart or truck Spade Digging and turning over of moist soil USES OF FARM TOOLS Name of tool Picture Use Garden fork Loosening and turn soil Garden line Marking straight ridges and garden beds USES OF FARM TOOLS Name of tool Picture Use wheelbarrow Moving items around the farm Items such as soil, mulch, animal feed. Etc Knapsack sprayer Spraying pesticides and herbicides Spraying fertilizers on crops. โข An inventory is a record of the things that you have. โข This is a list of tools issued out and tools received back and from whom Inventory of farm tools Inventory record sheets Created by Date Name of tool Sheet Tool numbenumber Description r Location Quantity Spade 1/15 Black,wooden handle Store room 2 SAFETY IN AGRICULTURE โข Agricultural activities can be dangerous. โข Hazards involved results in injury, disability and death of people and animals. โข The hazards are usually caused by physical injury and chemical poisoning. Common hazards in Agriculture 1. physical injury These include: โข Injury caused by accidents during use of farm tools, equipment and machinery. โข Misuse and improper storage of farm tools and equipment. โข Being kicked by animals. โข Drowning in farm pond, pool or dam. Common hazards in Agriculture 2 . Chemical poisoning These include: โข Spraying without protective clothing. โข Eating or smoking when spraying chemicals. โข Dumping toxic chemical left overs on land and in water. โข Eating agriculture produces without prior permission from adults. โข Pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers pollute water sources and kill animals. Chemical poisoning Ways of preventing common agricultural hazards 1. Wear protective clothing such as gloves, gumboots, respirator, hat and overalls. 2. Do not eat, drink or smoke when spraying. 3. Dispose off all chemical remains safely. 4. Bury or burn empty chemical containers and chemical left overs. 5. Wash thoroughly with running water and soap after using chemicals. 6. Do not spray during windy days. 7. Handle tools the right way. 8. Fence farm ponds and dams. Ways of preventing common agricultural hazards Climate and Landuse Seasons of Zimbabwe Seasons of Zimbabwe Definition of terms โข A season is a time of the year with almost the same weather patterns. โข Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a particular time at a particular place. โข it is the daily condition of air around us. โข Seasons are determined by rainfall and temperature. Seasons of Zimbabwe โข There are four seasons in Zimbabwe , which are: 1.The rain season 2.Post rain season 3.Cool dry season 4.Hot dry season Seasons of Zimbabwe 1.The rain season ( summer) โข It is also called the hot- wet season. โข The season begins in mid November to mid March. โข The period is rainy and hot. โข Dams and rivers fill up. Seasons of Zimbabwe 2 . The post rain season ( autumn ) โข It starts mid March โ May โข The days are bright and sunny. โข The leaves change from green to red, orange, yellow or brown before falling. โข In addition, there is less sunlight because the days are shorter. โข It is the harvesting period of most crops. Seasons of Zimbabwe 3. The cold dry season ( winter ) โข It begins mid May โ mid August โข The mornings, evenings and nights are very cold. โข Has short days and long nights. Seasons of Zimbabwe 4 . The hot season (spring ) โข It begins mid August โ mid November. โข The days are very hot with cool nights. โข A season for trees to develop new shoots. Summer Activities Agricultural activities done during the rain season includes: โข Ploughing and planting of summer crops for example maize, cotton. โข Weeding โข Pest and disease control โข Applying fertilizers. โข Weekly dipping of animals because ticks, lice and mites would be many. โข Harvesting of summer crops โข Preparing fireguards. A fireguard is a fire break. โข Beginning of the planting of wheat, barley and oats.โ Winter Activities โข Planting of winter crops such as wheat, barley and oats. โข Harvesting and selling of summer crops continues. โข Constructing frost barriers for frost sensitive crops such as tomatoes. โข Vaccinating animals against blackleg. โข Supplementary feeding of grazing animals. โข Dosing of animals to kill internal parasites. Spring Activities โข Shelling and threshing of grain crops. โข Dry planting of summer crops. โข Carrying manure to fields. โข Ploughing and harrowing. โข Making planting holes Soil Components โขSoil is made up of 4 components: 1)Mineral matter 2)Organic matter 3)Soil water 4)Soil air
Based on the text "Eating colours every day," here is a set of multiple-choice questions using "Wh-" question words (Who, What, Where, When, Why) to test comprehension: Comprehension Quiz: Eating Colours 1. What does the phrase "eating colours" actually mean? A) Eating food with artificial food coloring. B) Choosing a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables. C) Painting your food before you eat it. D) Only eating your favorite color of food. 2. Why should we eat different colours every day? A) To make the plate look pretty for photos. B) Because colorful food tastes sweeter. C) To get different vitamins and minerals that help us stay healthy. D) Because it is easier to cook colorful food. 3. When can you try to include many colours in your diet? A) Only on the weekends. B) Once a month. C) Only for dinner. D) Throughout the day in all your meals. 4. What is a specific benefit mentioned for our bodies when we eat these foods? A) They help us run faster than a car. B) They help our bodies grow, stay strong, and fight illness. C) They change our eye color. D) They help us sleep for 12 hours. 5. Which of these is an example of a "purple" food mentioned for dessert? A) Red peppers B) Dates C) Purple grapes D) Carrot soup 6. What "Wh-" category does the carrot soup fall into for the suggested daily menu? A) What you eat for breakfast. B) What you eat for lunch. C) What you eat for dessert. D) What you eat for a midnight snack.
Topic 12: Eating and Meals (1)
Childcare Level 1 CACHE students doing cfc20 healthy eating for families
1. Which sentence correctly uses the present continuous tense to express a temporary action? A. She works at a bank. B. She is working at a bank for the summer. โ
C. She worked at a bank last year. D. She has worked at a bank for years. โธป 2. Which of the following uses the past continuous tense to describe an interrupted action? A. I was eating dinner when the phone rang. โ
B. I eat dinner when the phone rings. C. I had eaten dinner before the phone rang. D. I was eat dinner when the phone ringed. โธป 3. What is the function of โis/am/are + V.ingโ in a sentence? A. To show routine habits B. To describe completed past actions C. To indicate actions in progress at the moment of speaking โ
D. To express future intentions with certainty โธป 4. Which sentence shows incorrect use of the past continuous tense? A. She was singing while I played the piano. โ
B. They were talking when I arrived. C. I was reading while he was cooking. D. It was raining all night yesterday. (Explanation: A uses mixed tenses incorrectly. It should be: โShe was singing while I was playing the piano.โ) โธป 5. Choose the sentence that uses the present simple tense in a conditional structure. A. If it is raining, we will cancel the trip. โ
B. If it was raining, we would cancel the trip. C. If it rained, we canceled the trip. D. If it rains, we are canceling the trip. โธป 6. Identify the sentence in which the auxiliary verb is incorrectly used. A. He is doing his homework now. B. She was watched a movie last night. โ
C. They were playing football all afternoon. D. I am going to the store. โธป 7. Which sentence best demonstrates the habitual use of the present simple? A. I am jogging every morning. B. I jog every morning. โ
C. I was jogging every morning. D. I have jogged every morning. โธป 8. Choose the best explanation for using โwas/were + V.ingโ: A. To talk about a permanent state B. To describe future arrangements C. To express a continuous action in the past โ
D. To indicate hypothetical situations
1. Eat slowly, chew your food well. It takes twenty (20) minutes before your stomach sends a clear message to your brain that you're full. Take your time and savor the flavor of your meal. 2. Eat well When your body doesn't receive the required nutrients, your metabolism slows down. Metabolism is the rate at which you burn calories while resting. So, if you don't eat enough, fewer calories will be burnt and there will be less fat loss. You should eat small meals at regular intervals to keep your energy levels high. 3. Eat less red meat Red meats are high in saturated fat and should be avoided by people with high cholesterol. Chicken and fish are the best meats to consume. These meats can be baked, grilled or roasted. 4. Eat more fiber foods Add fiber to your diet, this adds bulk to your food and prevents constipation. Whole grain foods like oatmeal, bran, wheat germ and brown rice, fruits, especially with skins, prunes, etc, are all Seven (7) healthy eating habits for your guidelines: How you eat your food is as important as what you eat. So, the next time you sit down to eat, enjoy your meal by keeping these pointers in mind. Home Economics and Livelihood Education 7 Seibo College 157 good sources of fiber. Fiber helps in binding cholesterol, which results to less production of bad cholesterol. 5. Have calcium-rich foods Aside fro milk other sources of calcium and protein are red kidney beans, mustard greens, etc. Proteins can be found in meats, sprouts, soya, etc. 6. Eat foods that contain iron These include liver, fruits like watermelon, vegetables like spinach, beans, beets and broccoli, whole grains, dried fruits, especially prunes, sunflower seeds, etc. 7. Relish the flavors You may have heard some of these before. But the best good food habit, which we all seem to overlook, is to actually taste and enjoy the flavor of the food with your emotions instead of just your tongue. How can we prevent malnutrition? Following are the checklists of steps to prevent malnutrition. ๏ผ Nutrition campaign on the importance of food nutrients. ๏ผ Proper selection, preparation and serving of well-balanced meals. ๏ผ Vegetable gardening in schools and at home. ๏ผ Intensive program from the government especially for the less privileged members of the community.