to exhibit a particular quality or characteristic / 소유하다

to beat through cleverness and wit; to defeat by more skillful maneuvering / (머리를 써서) ~를 이기다

attempt to explain or justify (one's own or another's behavior or attitude) with logical, plausible reasons, even if these are not true or appropriate / 합리화하다

to put at risk; pose a threat to; present a danger to / ~을 위험에 빠뜨리다, ~을 위태롭게 하다

inspiring fear or respect through being impressively large, powerful, intense, or capable / 어마어마한

strongly reminiscent or suggestive of something / (향기가) 가득한

1. not honest; likely to tell lies 2. based on lies / 거짓의

often trying to control the behavior of other people in an annoying or unwanted way / 고압적인

to cut or tear apart a body or object into separate pieces or parts / 주검을 훼손하다, 자르다

to fix (a mistake or error); to make straight (or right) again / ~을 바로잡다, 올바로 수습하다

to define or describe (something) in a new or different way / 재정의하다

to expose as false / ~가 틀렸음을 폭로/공개하다

the state of being unable to move or be moved, usually due to physical or external restraints or restrictions / (정상적으로) 움직이지 못하게 하다, 고정시키다

extraordinarily large or great / 엄청난

having an appearance that attracts attention / 현란한

not reciprocated; not given back in exchange / 되돌려지지 않은, 답례를 받지 못한

the act of searching for food or provisions, typically in a natural environment, such as a forest, meadow, or ocean / 수렵 채집

a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive / 보조금

the act of separating or isolating certain groups / 분리

critic, someone who disparages / 험담자, 비평가

any situation, object, substance, or activity that has the potential to cause harm, damage, or injury to people, property, or the environment / 위험 요소

very clear; having no room for doubt or confusion / 명백한, 확실한, 애매하지 않은

perfect, smoot / 아주 매끄러운

outdated, old-fashioned / 구식의

to completely remove or get rid of something or someone / 없애다

to take apart or deconstruct / 해체하다

to hold or maintain; to endure / ~를 들다, 유지하다; ~를 견디다

1. to provide (someone or something) with food or other things that are needed to live, be healthy, etc 2. to cause (something) to develop or grow stronger / 영양분을 주다, 먹이다

to hinder or obstruct the progress or movement of something or someone / 방해하다

the path followed by a projectile or an object moving under the action of given forces / 궤적

a person who advocates or supports a cause or idea / 지지자

1. lack of courage 2. fear that makes you unable to do what is right or expected / 1. 소심 2. 비겁

a behavior pattern or trait considered typical of a particular social group / 규준/규범

persistent, determined / 끈질긴

simple, plain / 엄격한, 소박한

strict or precise in requirements or standards / 엄격한

outward or perceptible indication / 징후

pleasantly new or different / 참신한, 기발한

lasting or continuing for a long time / 영속적인

having a defect or a fault / 결점 있는

thought of apart from concrete realities, specific objects, or actual instances / 추상적인

sacred or religious writings / 성서

the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding / 인지

the condition of being prevalent, or widespread / 널리 퍼짐

to suggest or hint indirectly / 암시하다

to mix or mingle together / 섞이다, 섞이게 하다

to become or be weak; to desire someone who's no longer there / 쇠약해지다; (없는 사람을) 그리워하다

a tendency to do something / 성향, 경향

in an advantageous position for ~ / ~하기에 유리한 위치에 있는

relating to hearing or the sense of hearing / 청각의

careless (a bad idea) / 생각이 짧은, 경솔한

the act of enforcing; ensuring observance of or obedience to / 규정의 엄격한 집행

able to be touched or felt; easily perceived or noticeable / 명백한

out of fashion / 구식의, 유행에 뒤진, 시대에 뒤진

very bad or unpleasant / very unhappy, ill / 비참한

make (an action or process) easy or easier / 가능하게(용이하게) 하다

old; no longer in use or valid or fashionable / 구식의, 더 이상 유효하지 않은

not intimidated or discouraged by difficulty, danger, or disappointment / 단호한

present in great quantity / 무성한, 풍부한

make practical and effective use of / 활용(이용) 하다

providing emotional relief / 정신적 해방을 주는

not able to be seen through; not transparent / 불투명한

suggest or assume the existence, fact, or truth of (something) as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or belief / 상정하다

(sometimes followed by `to') meeting the requirements especially of a task; about average; acceptable; enough to meet a purpose / 충분한

lacking skill or competence / 서투른

persistent in maintaining, adhering to, or seeking something valued or desired / 완강한

a person's awareness or perception of something / 자각, 의식

to cause confusion or disarray; to mix up or jumble / 혼란시키다

to increase rapidly in number or spread widely / 번식하다

to allow ~ to do or get whatever he or she wants; to enjoy without restraint / ~가 하고 싶은대로 다 해주다; ~를 마음껏 즐기다

elating to or producing hypnosis / 최면술의, 최면술에 의한

sense of pride in oneself; quality worth of respect / 위엄, 품위, 존엄성

a perfect example, embodiment / 전형적인 예

leadership or dominance over others / 주도권, 지배력

apply or bring to bear / (권력,영향력을) 행사하다

secured in possession or assigned to a person / 귀속된

in good condition; reasonable / 상태가 좋은, 멀쩡한; 합리적인

causing confusion; unclear / 수수께끼 같은

a state, especially under hypnosis, in which a person will accept the suggestions of another person and act accordingly / 피암시성

to feel or show grief or sadness / 애도하다

to become or make more intense / 강화하다

to involve, require / 수반하다

the condition of being anonymous / 익명(성)

to dislike (something or someone) very much / 멸시하다

to create or perform spontaneously without preparation / 즉흥적으로 하다

bring under domination or control, especially by conquest / 지배하다

stop resisting to an enemy or opponent and submit to their authority / 항복하다, 포기하다

to control, overpower / 지배하다

to bypass, avoid / 우회하다

to attract and hold the attention of (someone) by being interesting, pretty, etc. / 매료시키다

accept (a belief, theory, or change) willingly and enthusiastically / 받아들이다(수용하다)

the state of being diverse or varied / 이질성, 다양성

the quality of being closely connected or appropriate to the matter at hand / 관련성

a decision by a person in authority to not allow or approve something / 거부권

relating to or prompted by instinct, done without conscious thought / 본능(직감)에 따른, 본능적인

substance that creates color in clothes, paint, etc / 색을 내는 물질

a condition or requirement / 조건

a particular manner of speaking or language / 표현 방식

likely to spread to and affect others / 전염되는

derived from experiment and observation rather than theory / 실제적인, 실행상의, 경험에 의한

extraordinarily large or great / 엄청난

a whole formed by combining several separate elements / 합계

to list or mention one by one / 열거하다

to give new life or vigor to / 소생시키다

to carry out a systematic or formal inquiry / 조사하다

not logical or reasonable / 비이성(비논리)적인

the act of reaching out or extending efforts to others / 외부로의 확장

a gathering of people for a specific purpose / 집회

a falling; a drop into a lower state or position (moral or physical) / 타락; 수준의 하락; (아래로) 이동

the outward appearance or apparent form of something, especially when the reality is different / 외관, 겉모습

effortlessness; quality of doing something well easily / (무언가를 쉽게하는) 능력

policy of extending rule over other countries, usually through force / 제국주의

a change of circumstances or fortune, typically one that is unwelcome or unpleasant / 변천

establishing, relating to, or deriving from a standard or norm, especially of behavior / 규범적인

obedient or attentive to an excessive or servile degree / 아부하는

habitually disposed to disobedience and opposition; deliberate / 자기 의지가 강한 (그래서 반항을 주로 많이 하는); 의도적인

extremely distasteful; unacceptable / 혐오스러운

significant as a cause or basis of something but not necessarily manifest or obvious / 근본적인

to fix firmly and deeply in a surrounding mass / 삽입하다

examine or inspect closely and thoroughly / 면밀히 조사하다

to make someone inclined or susceptible / 성향을 갖게 하다

a belief held without proof or certain knowledge, an assumption or hypothesis / 추정(되는 생각)

control or maintain the rate or speed of (a machine or process) so that it operates properly / 규제하다

to provide a brief sketch of / ~에 대해 간략하고 전체적으로 서술하다

to criticize, belittle / 비하하다, 깔보다

general feeling or opinion / 정서, 감정

the extreme ends of something (in a body, your fingers, toes, or other ends) / 극단; 손가락, 발가락 처럼 몸 중심에서 먼 부위

a desire to cause harm to another person / 악의

small action, usually signifying something / (뭔가를 나타내는) 작은 행동, 손짓, 몸짓

an assertion or proposition which forms the basis for a work or theory / (주장의) 전제

to begin burning / 점화하다

to fix (so it doesn't move); to make firmer / ~을 지지하다, ~을 고정시키다

to invent, plan, or create something / 고안하다

a large, densely packed crowd of people or animals / 인파, 군중

bring under domination or control, especially by conquest / 지배하다

to shock or excite into action / 격려하다

to reference or quote / ~를 인용하다

being a part of a whole / …을 구성하는

contrary to reason or common sense / 터무니없는

not fully decided or agreed upon yet / 잠정적인; 아직 100% 정해지지 않은

using money, resources carefully / 검소한

a gathering or collection of people, animals, or things / 무리

allowing a lot of freedom and not punishing bad behavior in a strong way; not harsh, severe, or strict / 관대한

having a strong liking or affection for / 좋아하는

full of energy, enthusiasm / 풍부한, 열정적인

established or decided in advance / 미리 결정하다

to think of (someone or something) in a particular way / 간주하다

to explain; to help understand clearly / ~를 이해시켜주다

to make isolated or emotionally disassociated / ~을 소외시키다

find (something) out for certain, make sure of / 알아내다, 확인하다

too simple / 너무 단순화시킨, 지나치게 간소화한

of such excellence, grandeur, or beauty as to inspire great admiration or awe / 숭고한

pleasant or acceptable to the taste; agreeable or satisfactory / 맛있는

a division or contrast between two things that are or are represented as being opposed orentirely different / 양분, 이분

to be relevant or related to / 관련되다

to go beyond the limits of; to surpass or exceed / 초월하다

to prevent or obstruct; to dishearten / ~가 잘 안되도록 하다; ~을 기죽이다, ~을 낙담시키다

jointly arranged or carried out, coordinated / 합심한, 결연한

difficult to perceive or notice / 교묘한, 눈에 잘 안띄는

being up to date on latest trends / 유행을 따르는

recurring again and again / 반복적인

assert something as a position in an argument / 주장하다

habitually disposed to disobedience and opposition; deliberate / 자기 의지가 강한 (그래서 반항을 주로 많이 하는); 의도적인

immediate, going to occur soon / 임박한

showing no care or concern; having no preference on the matter / 무심한, ~중에 선호하는 것이 없는

add details, as to an account or idea; clarify the meaning of and discourse in a learned way / 해설하다

to provide / ~에게 ~을 공급하다, 주다

to constantly annoy or bother / 박해하다

to shock or excite into action / 격려하다

combine or cause to combine to form a single entity / 합치다

a misleading falsehood; act of deceiving / 속임수; 속이는 행위

attitude and action / 태도/행동

actions or thoughts that contradict one's own beliefs or claims / 위선 행위; 내로남불

the loss of a person's sense of individuality and personal responsibility / 몰개성화

to claim or profess / 주장하다

to limit (a claim); to specify a condition to make a claim narrower / (어떤 주장을) 제한하다, 더 구체적으로 만들다

to attract and hold the attention of (someone) by being interesting, pretty, etc. / 매료시키다

most important, powerful, or influential / 우세한, 우성의

to encourage; to make easier or more likely to happen / ~를 장려하다, ~가 더 잘 발생하도록 하다

to abstain or hold back from doing something / 삼가다

to show that you believe you are more intelligent or better than other people / 잘난 체하다

the action or process of flowing or flowing out / 끊임없는 변화

able to endure something (without too much displeasure); somewhat accepting of something / 용인하는, 관용하는; 봐주는

lacking clarity or logical connection / 불분명한

mysterious, understood by few / 신비한, 난해한

belonging to or forming the outer surface or structure of something / 외부의

an exclusive right or privilege / 특권

the crime of trying to overthrow your country's government or of helping your country's enemies during war / 반역

a plan set in motion; willingness to start ventures / (주로 뭔가를 시작하는) 계획; (무언가를 시작하는) 의지

lacking sense or clear, sound reasoning / 비논리적인

asserting opinions without proof / 독단적인

showing a favorable opinion / 이해를 통해 긍정적으로 생각하는

showing great care, attention, and effort / 근면한

piece of land almost surrounded by water or projecting out into a body of water / 반도

to make (someone) poor / 가난하게 하다

to pretend; to make a pretense of / ~을 꾸미다, ~인 척을 하다

to assign an assignment or task to someone / ~에게 ~하는 업무를 부여하다

401-450 | Quizalize

DSAT Vocab 401-450(TD)

會考高頻率單字9: 401-450

In this video we take a look at the 0:02 fetch to code 0:03 execute cycle including its effect on 0:06 the various registers we've previously 0:12 [Music] 0:14 discussed a computer is defined Definition 0:17 as an electronic device that takes an 0:20 input 0:22 processes data 0:25 and delivers output 0:29 in this simple example you can see we're 0:31 taking the input 5 0:35 we're multiplying it by 2 that's our 0:37 process 0:39 and we're outputting 10. 0:44 but this could be way more complex for 0:46 example of a game console 0:48 the input could be the buttons you press 0:50 on a controller 0:53 the processes would then be carried out 0:55 by the console itself 0:59 and the output would be some form of 1:01 update to a monitor 1:02 and sound out for a speaker possibly 1:04 vibration feedback through the 1:06 controller 1:10 to process data a computer follows a set 1:13 of instructions 1:14 known as a computer program 1:18 if we take the lid off a typical desktop 1:20 computer we can identify 1:22 two critical components the memory 1:26 that stores the program and the central 1:29 processing unit or processor 1:31 which is under this large fan and 1:33 carries out the instructions 1:37 a computer carries out its function by 1:40 fetching 1:41 instructions decoding them and then 1:43 executing them 1:44 in a continuous repetitive cycle 1:46 billions of times a second 1:48 let's look at each of these stages in a 1:50 little more detail Fetch 1:53 so let's start with the fetch stage the 1:55 very first thing that happens 1:57 is the program counter is checked as it 2:00 holds the address 2:01 of the next instruction to be executed 2:07 the address stored is then copied into 2:09 the memory address register 2:14 the address is then sent along the 2:16 address bus to main memory 2:18 where it waits to receive a signal from 2:21 the control 2:22 bus so it knows what to do 2:27 as we want to read the data that's 2:29 stored in memory address 2:30 0 0 0 0 the control unit sends 2:34 a read signal along the control bus to 2:36 main memory 2:41 now main memory knows the data needs to 2:44 be read 2:45 the content stored in memory address 000 2:49 can be sent along the data bus to the 2:51 memory data register 2:56 now as we're currently in the process of 2:58 fetching an instruction 3:00 the data received by the memory data 3:03 register gets copied 3:04 into the current instruction register 3:11 the instruction effectively has now been 3:14 fetched from memory 3:16 just before we proceed to the decode 3:18 phase we now 3:19 increment the program counter so that 3:22 the address it contains 3:24 points to the address of the next 3:26 instruction which will need to be 3:30 executed 3:32 the instruction now being held in the 3:33 current instruction register 3:35 is ready to be decoded 3:39 now as we mentioned in the previous 3:41 video the instruction is made up of two 3:43 parts 3:44 we have the op code that's what it is we 3:47 need to do 3:50 and we have the operand what are we 3:53 going to do it to 3:55 now the operand could contain the actual 3:57 data 3:58 or indeed it could contain an address of 4:01 where the data is to be found 4:06 by decoding this instruction we can see 4:08 the operation we need 4:10 is a load operation so we need to load 4:14 the contents of memory location0101 4:18 into the cpus accumulator 4:25 in the exam a simple model will be used 4:27 to describe the 4:29 structure of any given instruction 4:32 you're not going to be expected to 4:34 define how an opcode is made up 4:36 but simply to interpret opcodes in the 4:39 given context of an exam 4:40 question in the example here 4:44 you can see there's a total of 16 4:46 different opcodes available 4:48 and this is because we're using four 4:50 bits for our representation 4:56 so now we've fetched the instruction and 4:59 we've decoded it so we know what we need 5:00 to do 5:01 we're finally ready to execute it 5:05 so we now send address 0101 5:08 to the memory dress register 5:13 now we're in the memory address register 5:15 we can finally send the address 5:18 down the address bus to main memory 5:24 this time we want to read the data 5:26 that's stored in memory 5:28 and so the control unit again sends a 5:30 read signal along the control bus 5:36 so main memories now receive an address 5:38 and a read signal 5:40 so the content stored at memory location 5:43 0101 5:44 can now be sent along the data bus back 5:46 to the cpu 5:47 and into the memory data register 5:54 finally the contents of the memory data 5:56 register are copied to the accumulator 5:59 and this is one of a number of general 6:00 purpose registers found in the cpu 6:04 this first instruction is now complete Branching 6:11 so what does this program actually do 6:14 you should be able to work it through 6:16 carefully and figure it out 6:19 we're now pointing instructions zero 6:21 zero zero one in the program counter 6:23 and we're ready to fetch the second 6:25 instruction 6:27 at the end of this video we're gonna 6:29 provide you with the answer 6:34 so let's talk a second about programs 6:37 that branch 6:40 on the left here we have a very simple 6:42 piece of pseudo code 6:44 line zero says first execute this line 6:46 of code 6:47 line 1 now execute this line and then 6:50 line 2 says 6:52 if the age is greater than 18 then 6:56 we're going to execute lines 3 and 4 6:58 otherwise 6:59 we're going to execute lines six and 7:02 seven 7:03 so this program doesn't necessarily 7:05 follow strictly in sequence from line 7:07 zero through to seven there's a chance 7:10 here the program may branch and jump 7:14 around 7:16 so we're going to pretend that this 7:17 program has been loaded into memory 7:20 each line of code on the left here has 7:23 ended up 7:24 as a location in memory now this is not 7:27 strictly how this would happen in this 7:28 one-to-one way 7:29 but for the purpose of example it's 7:31 absolutely fine 7:35 so the program counter starts by 7:37 pointing to memory address zero 7:39 and we fetch the first instruction 7:41 decode it and execute it 7:44 it then updates and tells us the next 7:47 instruction 7:48 is zero zero zero one because remember 7:50 the program counter is being incremented 7:52 so we fetch it decode it and we execute 7:55 line one of our program 7:59 we then fetch line two which in binary 8:01 is one 8:02 zero 8:06 now at this point depending on what 8:10 happens during the execution 8:11 of line two the program may be required 8:15 to fetch line three from memory or 8:18 line five from memory 8:25 so let's look at how this actually works 8:27 because we've said the program counter 8:28 simply gets incremented 8:31 well in the current instruction register 8:33 we have an instruction with the op code 8:36 0 1 1 0. 8:41 now when we look this up in the decode 8:43 unit we discover that this 8:45 code means branch always 8:51 this replaces the value held in the 8:54 program counter 8:56 with the contents of the operand that's 8:58 the second part of the instruction 9:01 from the current instruction register so 9:03 this case 9:04 one zero zero one 9:09 now when the next fetch cycle begins the 9:12 program counter is obviously checked 9:14 and as its contents have been previously 9:16 updated to a new memory location 9:19 and not simply incremented the program 9:22 effectively is able to jump 9:24 around memory 9:28 so having watched this video you should 9:30 be able to answer the following key 9:32 question 9:33 how does a cpu work 9:39 okay so let's um answer the question we 9:41 posed 9:42 earlier what did that program actually 9:48 do 9:50 so this is the first fetch to code 9:53 execute cycle 9:55 and this is the one that we ran through 9:57 in detail earlier 9:58 it effectively loaded the contents of 10:01 the memory 10:02 stored at location location0101 10:05 into the accumulator in other words 10:08 the dna number 3 is moved 10:11 from memory into the cpu 10:18 we then proceed onto the second fetch 10:20 decode execute cycle 10:23 now this one adds the contents of memory 10:27 located at 0 1 1 0 10:30 to the current contents of the 10:32 accumulator 10:34 so in other words the dna number one 10:38 because that's what's stored at address 10:40 zero one one zero 10:43 is added to the number three that was in 10:45 the accumulator 10:46 the results are stored back over the 10:48 accumulator 10:49 so effectively we've done three plus one 10:53 equals four 10:58 the third fetch to code execute cycle 11:00 stores the contents which are in the 11:02 accumulator 11:03 into memory location zero one one one 11:07 and that's because the op code the first 11:09 part of this current instruction 11:10 zero zero one one is the command to 11:13 store when we look it up in the decoder 11:15 unit 11:16 so in other words the result of the 11:17 previous calculation three plus one 11:19 equals four 11:20 is now written back into main memory 11:28 the fourth fetch decode execute cycle 11:30 outputs the contents of the accumulator 11:33 remember they were copied into main 11:34 memory but they're still held in the 11:35 accumulator 11:37 so in this simple abstraction the number 11:40 four is now 11:41 output to the user so they can see the 11:43 result of the calculation 11:49 the fifth and final fetch code execute 11:51 cycle 11:52 brings a halt to the current program 11:58 so this very simple program which has 12:01 five 12:02 fetch decode execute cycles has 12:04 performed the calculation 12:06 three plus one is then stored the result 12:09 in main memory 12:10 and displayed the result four to the 12:12 user 12:13 and in a high-level language this may 12:15 look something very similar to the 12:17 following two lines of code 12:20 sum variable equals num1 plus num2 12:24 print sum to the user 12:27 so you can start to get an appreciation 12:29 here of how the high level code you 12:32 write actually ends up being fetched 12:34 decoded 12:35 and executed inside a processor 12:38 of course your processor is doing 12:40 billions and billions of these 12:42 operations a second 12:43 which when you think about it is really 12:45 very impressive 12:52 [Music] 13:03 you. make 10 questions for a standerd of a level

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