a sea between Europe and Asia

A river in southwestern Asia that flows through the southern part of the Fertile Crescent.

This body of Water separates Europe and Africa

This body of water separates the Arabian peninsula from the more mountainous land of Persia

River that flows across a low, flat plain in Iraq and joins the Euphrates River

Mountains bordering the eastern boundary of Ancient Mesopotamia

The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time

A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates

Able to produce good crops

A mixture of rich soil and tiny rocks

plants grown for food

A way of supplying water to an area of land

the science of working with metals

to make something

to travel on water in a ship or boat

A tool used to cut, lift, and turn over soil

a long period without rain

the taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food

to work

relating to trade, industry, and money

Extending the nation beyond its existing borders

Exchange of goods and services

The process by which passengers or goods are moved or delivered from one place to another.

A coming into view.

free from outside control; not depending on another's authority.

The world's first civilization, founded in Mesopotamia, which existed for over 3,000 years.

a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.

A government ruled by a king or queen

A group of states or territories controlled by one ruler

belief in more than one god

gods and goddesses

A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.

what Sumerians wrote on

temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped

An epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing.

A collection of 282 laws. One of the first (but not THE first) examples of written law in the ancient world.

Basic beliefs, rules, or laws

Respecting the rights of others and giving them what is rightfully theirs