the supercontinent that formed 300 million years ago and that began to break up 200 million years ago

the layer of the atmosphere that is above the troposphere and in which temperature increases as altitude increase

the kinetic energy of a substance's atoms

the bending, tilting and breaking of Earth's crust; the change in the shape of rock in response to stress

an opening at the surface of Earth through which volcanic material passes

a low ridge of sand deposited along the shore of a lake or sea

a principle that geologic processes that occurred in the past can be explained by current geologic processes

the boundary between drainage areas that have streams that flow in opposite directions

the distance from any point on a wave to the corresponding point on the next wave

a loose mixture of rock fragments, organic material, water, and air that can support the growth of vegetation